Chapter 30

Question 1

Seed plants originated about _________ years ago

Answer 1

360 million

Question 2

Seed

Answer 2

an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

Question 3

Seed germination

Answer 3

the plant process in which a plant emerges from a seed and begins to grow

Question 4

Conditions needed for seed germination

Answer 4

• Suitable temperature
• Oxygen
• Water

Question 5

Microspores develop into __________, which contain the male gametophytes

Answer 5

pollen grains

Question 6

Pollination

Answer 6

the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

Question 7

A seed develops from the _________

Answer 7

whole ovule

Question 8

Angiosperm seeds are found in _______, which are ___________

Answer 8

fruits; mature ovaries

Question 9

Most gymnosperms are cone-bearing plants called _______

Answer 9

conifers

Question 10

The four gymnosperm phyla

Answer 10

1) Cycadophyta
2) Gingkophyta
3) Gnetophyta
4) Coniferophyta

Question 11

Angiosperms are seed plants with reproductive structures called ______ and ______

Answer 11

flowers; fruits

Question 12

Sepals

Answer 12

enclose the flower; small leaf-like parts under the petals

Question 13

Petals

Answer 13

brightly colored and attract pollinators

Question 14

Stamens

Answer 14

produce pollen

Question 15

Carpels

Answer 15

produce ovules

Question 16

A stamen consists of a stalk called a _______, with a sac called an _______ where the pollen is produced

Answer 16

filament; anther

Question 17

A carpel consists of an _______ at the base and a _______ leading up to a _______, where pollen is received

Answer 17

ovary; style; stigma

Question 18

Complete flowers

Answer 18

Flowers that have all four organs; also called bisexual

Question 19

Incomplete flowers

Answer 19

Flowers lacking one or more organs (about 7%); also called unisexual

Question 20

A _______ is formed when the ovary wall thickens and matures

Answer 20

fruit

Question 22

Double fertilization

Answer 22

occurs when the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule

Question 23

endosperm

Answer 23

a nutritive tissue found in the seeds of flowering plants (angiosperms), formed after double fertilization, that provides nourishment to the developing embryo

Question 24

cotyledons

Answer 24

two seed leaves that help make up the embryo

Question 25

The ancestors of angiosperms and gymnosperms diverged about _________ years ago

Answer 25

305 million

Question 26

Ways plants “fight back”

Answer 26

• Chemical defenses
• Mechanical defenses
• mimicry and camouflage
• Indirect defenses
• Leaf shedding and color