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Lab Practical Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is purpose of the Bacterial contamination lab?

A

Methods to prevent contamination

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2
Q

How do you calculate total magnification?

A

objective lens X ocular lens = total magnification

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3
Q

Giardia trophozite?

A

Protozoa

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4
Q

Amoeba?

A

Protozoa

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5
Q

Plasmodium falciparum trophozites?

A

Protozoa

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6
Q

Trypanosoma

A

Protozoa

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7
Q

Candida Albicans

A

yeast (fungi)

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8
Q

Rhizopus

A

mold (fungi)

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9
Q

Aspergillus

A

mold (fungi)

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10
Q

purpose of Aseptic transfers lab

A

minimize contamination to yourself, others, environment, source culture, and media

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11
Q

Inoculating tools?

A
  1. Loop 2. Bunsen burner
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12
Q

purpose of simple stains lab?

A

cells are stained with a colored dye to make them/structures more visible

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13
Q

Morphology/Arrangement of:

  1. Staphylococcus epidermis
  2. Micrococcus luteus
  3. Bacillus megaterium
  4. Rhodospirillium
A
  1. cluster cocci
  2. cluster cocci
  3. string bacilli
  4. single spirulum
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14
Q

Purpose of Gram stain lab

A

to distinguish and identify gram (=) or (-) bacteria

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15
Q

List the steps of a gram stain

A
  1. A heat-fixed smear is covered w/crystal violet
  2. CV is washed off with distilled water & iodine applied
  3. decolorization with alcohol
  4. Alcohol rinsed and safranin applied
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16
Q

Gram stain results

A

Gram (-)= reddish pink

Gram (+) = purple

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17
Q

Gram positive or negative?
1. Staphylococcus epidermis
2 Escherichia coli
3.Bacillus megaterium

A
  1. (+)
  2. (-)
  3. (+)
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18
Q

Purpose of acid fast stain

A

differential stain; to identify members of mycobacterium

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19
Q

what is the stain used in acid fast stain

A

carbolfuchsin(+) counterstain is methylene blue or brilliant green

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20
Q

Why is carbolfuchsin used in an acid fast stain?

A

waxy wall repels typical aqueous stains

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21
Q

What are representative bacteria for acid fast staining?

A

mycobacteria

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22
Q

What are representative bacteria for capsule staining?

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

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23
Q

what is the purpose of capsule staining?

A

differential stain; allows detection of extracellular capsule

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24
Q

what types of stains are used in capsule staining?

A

Congo red or nigrosin

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25
Q

What is the purpose of endospore staining?

A

differential stain; allows detection of presence and location of endospore

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26
Q

What types of stains are used in endospore staining?

A

malachite green to stain endospore; safranin for counterstain

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27
Q

Why is endospore staining different?

A

Endospore is made of keratin and resistant to staining

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28
Q

What are representative bacteria for endospore staining?

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

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29
Q

What is the purpose of the blood agar lab?

A

isolation and cultivation of fastidious bacteria and differentiate based on hemolytic characteristics

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30
Q

define selective media

A

enhances isolation procedure by inhibiting growth of some organisms, encouraging others

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31
Q

define differential media

A

an indicator to expose differences b/w organisms

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32
Q

streak plate method

A

used to isolate individual organisms from a mixed culture

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33
Q

alpha hemolysis

A

partial destruction of red blood cells w/ greenish discoloration

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34
Q

beta hemolysis

A

complete destruction of RBC; clearing on plate

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35
Q

gamma hemolysis

A

nonhemolysis; simple growth, no change in medium

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36
Q

purpose of mannitol salt agar lab

A

selects for bacteria that can tolerate high salt concentration

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37
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

yellow growth on mannitol salt agar plate

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38
Q

Maconkey agar purpose

A

to isolate and differentiate members of Enterbacteriacae based on ability to ferment lactose

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39
Q

poor growth on Mac plate

A

inhibited by CV and/or bile. Gram (+)

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40
Q

growth/reddish color Mac plate

A

produces acid from lactose fermentation. Gram (-) or coliform

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41
Q

Purpose of Eosin Methylene Blue lab

A

isolation of fecal coliforms

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42
Q

Eosin Methylene Blue lab: poor growth

A

inhibited by eosin methylene blue; gram (+)

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43
Q

Eosin Methylene Blue lab: good growth

A

not inhibited by eosin methylene blue; gram (-)

44
Q

Eosin Methylene Blue lab: dark colored growth

A

lactose/sucrose fermentation

45
Q

Eosin Methylene Blue lab: pink colored growth

A

little lactose fermentation

46
Q

Purpose of catalase test lab

A

to identify organisms that produce the enzyme catalase

47
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

reduce inorganic molecules such as nitrate or sulfate

48
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

reduce oxygen to water or other compounds

49
Q

fermentation

A

production of nitrogen gas

50
Q

what is the reagent used in catalase test?

A

hydrogen peroxide

51
Q

purpose of oxidase test

A

to identify bacteria containing enzyme cytochrome c oxidase

52
Q

Purpose of Nitrate reduction test

A

differentiates Enterbacteriacae from other Gram (-) rods that either do not reduce nitrate or nitrite or reduce it beyond

53
Q

Nitrate Reduction positive reaction:

A

Red color after adding reagents A&B= nitrate reduction to nitrite

54
Q

Nitrate Reduction reaction after adding zinc:

A

red color after zinc= no nitrate reduction

55
Q

no color change after zinc:

A

nitrate reduction to nongaseous compound (+)

56
Q

Purpose of Phenol Red Broth

A

to differentiate members of Enterbacteriacae from other gram neg rods

57
Q

Phenol Red Broth: yellow color

A

acid production from fermentation of a carbohydrate lowers pH and turns broth yellow

58
Q

Phenol Red Broth: Bubble in durham tube

A

gas produced

59
Q

Phenol Red Broth: pink color

A

degradation of peptones/alkaline end products

60
Q

Purpose of Methyl Red Voges-Proskauer test

A

to differentiate members of Enterbacteriacae from other gram neg rods

61
Q

MR positive

A

red color= mixed acid fermentation

62
Q

MR negative

A

no color change= no mixed acid fermentation

63
Q

VP positive

A

red color=acetoin production

64
Q

VP negative

A

no color change= no acetoin production

65
Q

MR reagent

A

Methyl red dye & alcohol

66
Q

VP reagents

A

A(alpha naphthol/alcohol) & B(potassium hydroxide and water)

67
Q

Purpose of Citrate test

A

to determine ability to use citrate as sole source of carbon

68
Q

Why is citrate used?

A

to provide a means for enzyme citrate permaze to transport, but does not support citric acid cycle

69
Q

Positive citrate test

A

Blue color= citrate utilized (+)

70
Q

growth; no color change

A

citrate utilized (+)

71
Q

No growth or color change

A

citrate not utilized (-)

72
Q

Purpose of starch hydrolysis lab

A

to isolate and identify Gagenerella vaginalis & differentiate members of Corynebacterium, Bacillus, Clostridium….etc…

73
Q

Positive starch hydrolysis

A

clearing around growth; Amylase present

74
Q

Negative starch hydrolysis

A

no clearing; Amaylase not present

75
Q

reagent in starch hydrolysis test

A

iodine

76
Q

why is iodine used in starch hydrolysis?

A

to detect presence or absence of starch

77
Q

Purpose of Urea Hydrolysis lab

A

to differentiate based on ability to hydrolyze urea w/enzyme ureas

78
Q

Positive Urea Hydrolysis

A

pink= rapid urea hydrolysis; strong urease production

79
Q

Negative Urea Hydrolysis

A

orange/yellow= no urea hydrolysis; no urease production

80
Q

Purpose od Gelatin Hydrolysis lab

A

to determineability to produce gelitanase

81
Q

positive gelatin

A

gelatin is a liquid= gelatinase present

82
Q

negative gelatin

A

gelatin is a solid= no gelatinase present

83
Q

Purpose of SIM lab

A

sulfur reduction, indole production, motility

84
Q

Reagent used in SIM

A

Kovac’s reagent

85
Q

Positive S. reaction

A

black in the medium; sulfur reduction

86
Q

Negative S. reaction

A

no black; sulfur is not reduced

87
Q

Positive I. reaction

A

Red in Kovac’s reagent layer; tryptophan is broken down into indole and pyruvate

88
Q

Negative I. reaction

A

no color change in Kovac reagent layer; tryptophan is NOT broken down into indole and pyruvate

89
Q

Positive M.

A

growth radiating from stab line

90
Q

Negative M.

A

No growth radiating from stab line

91
Q

Purpose of gel eletrophoresis

A

analyze DNA fragments and determine size of molecules

92
Q

how does gel electrophoresis work?

A

charged molecules enter cell walls. molecules with a (-) charge move towards (+) electrode and vice-versa

93
Q

what happens to smaller sized molecules?

A

quicker and easier migration

94
Q

what happens when there is a greater amount of charge

A

faster migration

95
Q

Purpose of ELISA

A

antibody measurement & detection of antibodies

96
Q

Steps of ELISA

A
  1. Anitgen added to wells
  2. wash away unabsorbed material
  3. serum added & binds w/Ab present; wash
  4. substrate added
97
Q

what occurs when the substrate is added?

A

substrate is peroxidase; converts peroxide to H2O + O2; which oxidizes aminosalidase (brown reaction); easily observed

98
Q

what is the purpose of the antimicrobial susceptibility lab?

A

to measure the effectiveness of antibiotics

99
Q

Which antibiotic creates the largest zone of inhibition?

A

Eyrthrmycin

100
Q

How does penicillin work?

A

it inhibits the cross-linking of peptidoglycan in Gram + cell walls

101
Q

Purpose of UV radiation Damage and repair lab

A

to measure decontamination of UV& ability to penetrate various objects

102
Q

prolonged exposure to UV

A

distort DNA molecules & interfere with DNA replication and transcription

103
Q

light repair/photoreactivation

A

DNA photolayse; monomerizes dimer & reverses original reaction

104
Q

excision repair/dark repair

A

of enzymes involved; make DNA double stranded again

105
Q

Taenia

A

Tapeworm

106
Q

Ascaris

A

roundworm

107
Q

Trichinella spiralis

A

roundworm

Microbiology (5 decks)

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