Chapter 19 Flashcards
Name 2 examples of type IV (cell-mediated) reactions?
1.poison ivy 2. TB testing
How is HIV diagnosed?
- Seroconversion 2. ELISA 3. western blot 4. APTIMA(RNA testing) 5. PCR 6. Nucleic acid hybridization
Treatments of HIV?
- HAART-combination of nuclieotide reverse transcriptase 2. Cell entry inhibitors 3.Integrase inhibitors-prevents provirus from forming
Graft-versus Host disease
can result from transplanted bone marrow that contains immunocompetent cells
cancer cells
- possess tumor-specific antigens 2. removed by immune surveillance 3. recognized and lysed by Tc cells
4 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
1.Enzymatic destruction of drug 2. Prevention of penetration of drug 3. Alteration of drug’s target site 4. Rapid ejection of drug
Examples of Immunotherapy
1.Tumor necrosis factor-IL-2 and interferons kill cancer cells 2. Immuntotoxins- link poisons with a monoclonal antibody directed at a tumor antigen 3. Vaccines-contain tumor specific antigen
Hypersesitivity
Response to antigens (allergens) leading to damage. Requires a sensitizing dose
What types of cells are infected by HIV
1.CD4 2. Dendritic 3. Macrophages
What are some diseases associated with AIDS
1.TB 2. CMV 3. Toxoplasmosis 4. Kaposi’s sarcoma 5.Pneumocystis
Mediators of type I hypersensitivities
- histamine 2. Leukotrienes 3. Prostaglandins
Explain ABO group blood system
Blood types are grouped by the antibodies they produce and antigens present
Explain transplant to privileged site
area in which antibodies usually do not circulate ex. cornea transplant
Explain differences between embryonic and adult stem cells
embryonic stem cells are not “pre-programmed” and become any type of cell. Adult stem cells may only become what they are pre-programmed to become (ex. blood cells or bone marrow)
Autograft
Use of one’s own tissue
Isograft
use of an identical twin’s tissue
Allograft
use of another person’s tissue( not identical twin)
xenotransplantation
use of non-human tissue( ex. pig valves)
List 3 current methods of preventing HIV
- Use of condoms 2. sterile needles 3. healthcare worker precations
3 stages of HIV infection
- Phase 1- asymptomatic 2. Phase 2- symptomatic; early indications of immune system failure 3. Phase 3 AIDS-CD4 T-cells below 200 cells/mL
List routes of HIV Transmission (7)
- Sexual contact 2. sharing needles 3. Blood transfusions 4. cross-placental 5. Breastmilk 6. Artificial inseminations 7.transplants
what is the primary route of HIV transmission?
heterosexual sex
Immunosupression
used to prevent an immune response to transplanted tissue
How do some cancer cells evade the immune system?
They may lack tumor antigens
Congenital Immune deficiencies
due to a defective or missing gene; selective IgA
Acquired Immune Deficiencies
Developed during and individual’s life via drugs, cancers, sex
Primary receptor on a host cell where HIV attaches
CCR5 or CXCR4
Explain Rh (+) or (-) blood system
the presence or lack of a surface antigen (ex. Hemolytic disease of newborn, blood transfusions)
Desensitization
to induce production of IgG(blocking antibodies) rather than IgE
Explain Reactions to transplantation
transplants maybe attacked by T-cells, macrophages, and complement fixing antibodies
Explain HLA Complex
Histocompatibility antigens: self antigens of cell surfaces MHC=HLA (ex, MS, Graves disease, Hodgkins)
Mechanisms of type IV cell mediated reactions
- Due to T cell activation by Ag(allergen) 2. Cytokines attract macrophages to initiate tissue damage
Mechanisms of type III (Immune complex) reactions
IgG and IgM and soluble Ag forms complexes that lodge in basement membranes; activate complement and cause inflammation
Cytotoxic Drug induced reactions
1.Blood transfusions/blood typing 2. Rhogam shot/Hemolytic disease of newborn 3.Thrombocytopenic Puppura
Mechanism of Type II Cytotoxic reactions
Involve IgG or IgM antibodies and a complement with an antigenic cell; complement activation causes cell lysis or damage by macrophages
Type I(anaphylactic) reactions
- Localized anaphylaxis-asthma, hay fever 2. Systemic- shock from ingested antigen
What is autoimmunity?
Loss of self tolerance
What are the types of autoimmune diseases?
- Cytotoxic 2. Immune complex 3. Cell-mediated
