Chapter 19

Question 1

Name 2 examples of type IV (cell-mediated) reactions?

Answer 1

1.poison ivy 2. TB testing

Question 2

How is HIV diagnosed?

Answer 2

1. Seroconversion 2. ELISA 3. western blot 4. APTIMA(RNA testing) 5. PCR 6. Nucleic acid hybridization

Question 3

Treatments of HIV?

Answer 3

1. HAART-combination of nuclieotide reverse transcriptase 2. Cell entry inhibitors 3.Integrase inhibitors-prevents provirus from forming

Question 4

Graft-versus Host disease

Answer 4

can result from transplanted bone marrow that contains immunocompetent cells

Question 5

cancer cells

Answer 5

1. possess tumor-specific antigens 2. removed by immune surveillance 3. recognized and lysed by Tc cells

Question 6

4 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

Answer 6

1.Enzymatic destruction of drug 2. Prevention of penetration of drug 3. Alteration of drug’s target site 4. Rapid ejection of drug

Question 7

Examples of Immunotherapy

Answer 7

1.Tumor necrosis factor-IL-2 and interferons kill cancer cells 2. Immuntotoxins- link poisons with a monoclonal antibody directed at a tumor antigen 3. Vaccines-contain tumor specific antigen

Question 8

Hypersesitivity

Answer 8

Response to antigens (allergens) leading to damage. Requires a sensitizing dose

Question 9

What types of cells are infected by HIV

Answer 9

1.CD4 2. Dendritic 3. Macrophages

Question 10

What are some diseases associated with AIDS

Answer 10

1.TB 2. CMV 3. Toxoplasmosis 4. Kaposi’s sarcoma 5.Pneumocystis

Question 11

Mediators of type I hypersensitivities

Answer 11

1. histamine 2. Leukotrienes 3. Prostaglandins

Question 12

Explain ABO group blood system

Answer 12

Blood types are grouped by the antibodies they produce and antigens present

Question 13

Explain transplant to privileged site

Answer 13

area in which antibodies usually do not circulate ex. cornea transplant

Question 14

Explain differences between embryonic and adult stem cells

Answer 14

embryonic stem cells are not “pre-programmed” and become any type of cell. Adult stem cells may only become what they are pre-programmed to become (ex. blood cells or bone marrow)

Question 15

Autograft

Answer 15

Use of one’s own tissue

Question 16

Isograft

Answer 16

use of an identical twin’s tissue

Question 17

Allograft

Answer 17

use of another person’s tissue( not identical twin)

Question 18

xenotransplantation

Answer 18

use of non-human tissue( ex. pig valves)

Question 19

List 3 current methods of preventing HIV

Answer 19

1. Use of condoms 2. sterile needles 3. healthcare worker precations

Question 20

3 stages of HIV infection

Answer 20

1. Phase 1- asymptomatic 2. Phase 2- symptomatic; early indications of immune system failure 3. Phase 3 AIDS-CD4 T-cells below 200 cells/mL

Question 21

List routes of HIV Transmission (7)

Answer 21

1. Sexual contact 2. sharing needles 3. Blood transfusions 4. cross-placental 5. Breastmilk 6. Artificial inseminations 7.transplants

Question 22

what is the primary route of HIV transmission?

Answer 22

heterosexual sex

Question 23

Immunosupression

Answer 23

used to prevent an immune response to transplanted tissue

Question 24

How do some cancer cells evade the immune system?

Answer 24

They may lack tumor antigens

Question 25

Congenital Immune deficiencies

Answer 25

due to a defective or missing gene; selective IgA

Question 26

Acquired Immune Deficiencies

Answer 26

Developed during and individual's life via drugs, cancers, sex

Question 27

Primary receptor on a host cell where HIV attaches

Answer 27

CCR5 or CXCR4

Question 28

Explain Rh (+) or (-) blood system

Answer 28

the presence or lack of a surface antigen (ex. Hemolytic disease of newborn, blood transfusions)

Question 29

Desensitization

Answer 29

to induce production of IgG(blocking antibodies) rather than IgE

Question 30

Explain Reactions to transplantation

Answer 30

transplants maybe attacked by T-cells, macrophages, and complement fixing antibodies

Question 31

Explain HLA Complex

Answer 31

Histocompatibility antigens: self antigens of cell surfaces MHC=HLA (ex, MS, Graves disease, Hodgkins)

Question 32

Mechanisms of type IV cell mediated reactions

Answer 32

1. Due to T cell activation by Ag(allergen) 2. Cytokines attract macrophages to initiate tissue damage

Question 33

Mechanisms of type III (Immune complex) reactions

Answer 33

IgG and IgM and soluble Ag forms complexes that lodge in basement membranes; activate complement and cause inflammation

Question 34

Cytotoxic Drug induced reactions

Answer 34

1.Blood transfusions/blood typing 2. Rhogam shot/Hemolytic disease of newborn 3.Thrombocytopenic Puppura

Question 35

Mechanism of Type II Cytotoxic reactions

Answer 35

Involve IgG or IgM antibodies and a complement with an antigenic cell; complement activation causes cell lysis or damage by macrophages

Question 36

Type I(anaphylactic) reactions

Answer 36

1. Localized anaphylaxis-asthma, hay fever 2. Systemic- shock from ingested antigen

Question 37

What is autoimmunity?

Answer 37

Loss of self tolerance

Question 38

What are the types of autoimmune diseases?

Answer 38

1. Cytotoxic 2. Immune complex 3. Cell-mediated