Lab Practical

Question 1

_______can be any type of body shape_____, physiological process, or behavior that enables
the organism to survive in its environment.

Answer 1

Adaptations / (morphological structure

Question 2

What are the 4 different environments that are being simulated in the bird beak lab?

Answer 2

aquatic vegetation (pond or lake),
terrestrial (below
soil surface),
terrestrial – (plant seeds),
and terrestrial – (flowers)

Question 3

What are the tools used in the bird beak lab?

Answer 3

a) fish net - used to filter or strain water
b) pipette – used to suck up liquid
c) tweezers – used to pick up food
d) pliers – used to crack open food

Question 4

1. In the Bird Beak Lab-Which variable in this lab is the dependent variable? Which is the independent variable?

Answer 4

Dependent variable- environment
Independent variable- beak structures

Question 5

Define adaptation.

Answer 5

A characteristic or trait that allows for maximum survival and enhances its evolutionary fitness.

Question 6

Who performed experiments on peppered moths in the 1850s?

Answer 6

Bernard Kettlewell

Question 7

What did Kettlewell conclude?

Answer 7

So Kettlewell concluded that natural selection from industrial melanism caused the moths to adapt to their changing environment.

Question 8

What type of selection is the peppered moth?

Answer 8

directional

Question 9

What is a coacervate?

Answer 9

tiny spherical droplet of assorted organic molecules (specifically, lipid molecules) which is held together by hydrophobic forces from a surrounding liquid.

Question 10

Who found coacervates?

Answer 10

Alexander Oparin

Question 11

How many ml are used in the start of the coarcervate lab?

Answer 11

3 ml of gelatin solution

Question 12

What is added to the 3ml of gelatin solution?

Answer 12

1 ml of gum arabic solution

Question 13

What do you add until coacervates form?

Answer 13

1 drop og HCL

Question 14

methylene blue dye is

Answer 14

positively charged

Question 15

Oparin and Haldane’s hypothesis for the origin of life

Answer 15

Sponteous generation

Question 16

________ assumes that all life on Earth has evolved from a __________. Thus all
life is related and should share characteristics with one another

Answer 16

The theory of evolution/common ancestor

Question 17

________ indicate show relationship of seemingly unrelated organisms

Answer 17

Homologous
structures

Question 18

What is the Nuttall Precipitation Technique?

Answer 18

test the similarities of blood proteins.

Question 19

What color are antibodies?

Answer 19

Clear

Question 20

What is agglutination?

Answer 20

antibodies in the serum bind to the invading
substance

Question 21

What animal is used in theNuttall Precipitation Technique?

Answer 21

rabbit i

Question 22

What were the scores for agglutination?

Answer 22

3 = heavy agglutination (strong, immediate reaction)
2 = medium agglutination (definite clotting, may take several seconds to form)
1 = slight agglutination (weak reaction, takes a while for a few crystals to form)
0 = no reaction

Question 23

What type of sexual selection (intersexual or intrasexual) is exhibited by the 40 species of birds of paradise?

Answer 23

Intraselection

Question 24

What was the hypothesis of this study? This is a tough question to answer, just so you know.

Answer 24

The hypothesis of the study is that the extreme coloration found in birds of paradise will provide insight into understanding key elements of sexual and natural selection involved in the species.

Question 25

color richness and song (acoustics) of the males

Answer 25

The study that in selection there are correlated levels of feather ornamentation with multiple signals.

Question 26

mating behaviors and song (acoustics) of the male

Answer 26

Behavioral richness including complex dances has an inverse relationship with the display height. This behavioral richness was greater at the forest strata. The complexity of song as a signal by males was greater in the canopy.

Question 27

song (acoustics) of the male and forest strata (display height)

Answer 27

The song of the male and the forest strata do have a relationship. The study found that the richness of the song increased as the display height increased. The song richness was greater in the upper canopy.

Question 28

What is a lek as it applies to birds

Answer 28

A lek is group of males who compete for mating rights with a female.

Question 29

cacophonous lek differ from an exploding lek?

Answer 29

Cacophonous lekking is acoustic male competition

Question 30

1. Describe the three categories of females listed in the figure. Which category do males prefer?
   Provide evidence from the figure.

Answer 30

Subadult
Virgin Adult
Mated Adult

Question 31

What group of birds has shown the largest decline in the past 48 years?

Answer 31

Grassland birds

Question 32

What was the only group of birds that showed an increase in population over the 48 years of data?

Answer 32

Waterfowl

Question 33

What are the 4 primary flyways, migratory routes, in North American called?

Answer 33

Atlantic, Mississippi, Central and Pacific

Question 34

2. What is the difference between short-distance and long-distance migrants?

Answer 34

Short distance:

These would be changes in elevation 

Long distance:

Migration of greater than 1000 miles.

Question 35

What are 3 environmental cues/signals to a bird that it should migrate south? Which environmental cue is usually considered the most important when it comes to migration?

Answer 35

Change in temperature
Shortening days
Change in available food

Change in the available food. Birds need to fatter up in order to make the journey and need to pay attention to the cues or there may not be as much available food to make the journey.

Question 36

How many bird species have gone extinct in North America over the past 48 years from this study?

Answer 36

More than 700 million individuals from 31 grassland species showed a decrease in populations. One million individuals from forest biomes. 419 migratory species have declined.

Question 37

Colored disks represent a population of bacteria that are in your body with different levels of antibiotic resistance:

Answer 37

Blue Disks = Least resistant bacteria
Yellow Disks = Resistant bacteria
Red Disks = Extremely resistant bacteria

Question 38

In the antibiotic experiment, In this experiment what is the dependent variable? independent variable?

Answer 38

Dependent variable- # of bacteria (population)
Independent variable- Antibiotic

Question 39

What are your initial starting numbers for the antibiotic resistance lab?

Answer 39

17- Blue
6 Yellow
1 red