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Evolution and Ecology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an allele

A

A different form of a gene- mutation

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2
Q

How does evolution occur?

A

Natural selection
Non random
Gene flow
Movement of genes or alleles in an out of a population
Random
Genetic drift
Chance event occurs to randomly change the frequency of alleles in a population
Hurricane
Cold snap kills many animals
Wildfires in Australia
Random/Luck of the draw
Mutation
Random
Epigenetic mechanisms

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3
Q

What is the Healthy Mate Theory?

A

Mating with healthy males will less likely pass on parasites and pathogens
Males without parasites or pathogens, will have better feathers, longer horns, etc.

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4
Q

What is the Hamilton- Zuk Hypothesis?

A

Healthy males have larger ornamentation ( preferred)

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5
Q

What is the Handicap Principle?

A

Originally proposed in 1975 by Amotz Zahavi
Females prefer males with handicaps that reduce their survival because handicaps are indicators of heritable viability
Experimental study on long-tailed widowbirds
Long tails increases the risk of predation
However, the longer the tails, the more likely males mates with females

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6
Q

The handicap principle may be a form of_______

A

Runaway selection

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7
Q

Name three Origins of Female Choice:

A

Sensory exploitation hypothesis

Sexy son hypothesis

Runaway Selection

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8
Q

Define Runaway selection

A

Sexual selection favours exaggeration of male traits desired by females.
Like a peacock

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9
Q

What is the sexy son hypothesis?

A

Female mates with male who she perceives will help her produce sexy sons- increase fitness
Attractiveness, physical appearance of male is important

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10
Q

What is the Sensory exploitation hypothesis?

A

Females have intrinsic preference for appearance/ behaviors based on sensory systems
Non-sexual trait that females choose
Males exploited this system
Example:
Swordtails
Females prefer males with longest tails

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11
Q

What are the two types of sexual selection?

A

Intraselection
Interselection

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12
Q

True or False: Intraselection is where femals choose their mate

A

False

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13
Q

What is interselection?

A

Female choice

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14
Q

What is intraselection?

A

Male choice

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15
Q

Intraselection leads to…

A

Polygymy

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16
Q

Interselection leads to

A

Monogomy

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17
Q

What is the good genes theory

A

The more physical a male is-> his genes are good

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18
Q

_________ is a form of Natural selection?

A

Sexual selection

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19
Q

How is sexual selection a form of natural selection?

A

Nature selects something in the male
Bright colors
Dance
Behavior
Display
Sexual dimorphism
Difference in ornamentation
Size
Color

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20
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Selective breeding

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21
Q

Sexual selection leads to….

A

sexual diamorphism

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22
Q

Which 8 things are occuring if evolution is not taking place?

A

Mutation is not occuring
Natural selection is not occurring
The population is infinitely large
Smaller populations favor mutation and natural selection than large populations
All members of the population breed
All mating is totally random
Everyone produces the same number of offspring
There is no migration in or out of the population
No gene flow
Environment is not changing

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23
Q

G.H. Hardy was a …..

A

English Mathematician

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24
Q

Wihelm Winberg was a….

A

German physician

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25
Q

What does the Hardy-Weinberg equillibrium state

A

Principle states that both allele and genotype frequencies in a population remains constant, that is there are in equilibrium- from generation to generation unless specific disturbing influences are introduced
If allele and genotype frequencies remain constant, evolution is not occuring

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26
Q

Who developed Punctuated Equilibrium?

A

Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould

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27
Q

Who developed Catastrophism?

A

Cuvier

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28
Q

Define Catastrophism

A

Catastrophe would occur and wipe something out

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29
Q

Darwin’s evolution

A

Gradualism

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30
Q

What is gradualism?

A

Slow evolutionary change
Member of the horse family would have developed ina gradual, transitional way

31
Q

What is “ Macroevolution”

A

Macroevolution is evolution on a grand scale- what we see when we look at history of life: stability, speciation, and extinction
Refers to evolution above species/ population level
Is used to refer to evolution of groups- families, classes, orders, phyla, etc.
Assumes there is a single common ancestor

32
Q

What is microevolution?

A

Microevolution (eg Body color in population of beetles changes over time) : Small scale change- change at the population level- change in gene frequencies
It is a change within a species- it does not necessarily lead to formation of a new species, but it can be important in speciation
Microevolution leads to macroevolution

33
Q

What is the mechanism of population change in microevolution?

A

Mutation, Natural Selection, Genetic Flow, and Genetic drift.

34
Q

What is genetic flow?

A

Movement of individuals from one population to another

35
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

The change in the frequency of a gene that is unexplained
Some chance event occurs and the frequency of an allele changes dramatically
Most common in a small population

36
Q

What is bottleneck genetic drift?

A

Large population and population crash
Few individuals survive
Gene frequencies are changed by the individuals that survive
Thought this is what happened with Cheetahs because they are all almost 100% genetically identical

37
Q

What is the Founder Effect?

A

Small population survives and colonizes a new area and you could have differences based on the founding members

38
Q

What is a point mutation?

A

Frameshift, silent, missense, nonsense

39
Q

Define Natural Selection

A

When the environment selects certain traits as favourable or not

40
Q

What is Allopatric speciation?

A

When a population is separated by a geological barrier. Mechanism is geographic isolation.

41
Q

True or False: As a result of allopatric speciation, if the two groups are brought back together, reproduce together, and not produce sterile offspring, they are then no longer different species

A

True

42
Q

What is Perpatric speciation?

A

A mode of speciation in which a new species is formed from an isolated peripheral population.- Happens in islands

43
Q

What is Sympatric speciation?

A

Reproductive isolation occurs in the same area. Geographic isolation has noting to do with it

44
Q

Why does Sympatric speciation occur?

A

polymorphism, polyploidy, Niche

45
Q

What are the two forms of Reproductive Isolation

A

Prezygotic and post-zygotic

46
Q

What are the prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms?

A

Prezygotic:
Mechanical
Male genitals do not fit into female genitals
In insects the important identification factor is the genitalia

Temporal:
Species 1 mates in April 1-15. Species 2 makes April 16-30
Ecological:
Different habitat in the same geographical area
Different ecological habitats in the same overall area
Behavioral
Mating display of a male
Gametic
Sperm will not fuse with egg
Pollen will not grow on the stigma in plants

47
Q

What are the post-zygotic isolating mechanisma

A

Poor Hybrid vigor-
Embryo does not develop properly
Hybrid adults do not survived in nature
Hybrid adults are sterile or have reduced fertility
Hybrid is sterile
Lion xTiger
Hybrid dies before it reproduces

48
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Decreases morphological differences between species as species adapt to similar ecological niches or it is the process of unrelated species become more and more similar in appearance as they adapt t the same kin

49
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

Increase the morphological diversity between species, as each species adapts to different ecological niches or it is the process of two or more related species becomes more and more dissimilar.

50
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms

51
Q

Adaptive radiation ______

A

produces many related species

52
Q

What are the types of natural selection?

A

Stablizing selection, distruptive selection, directional selection

53
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

For: Moderate traits
Against both extremes

54
Q

What is distruptive selection?

A

Trai splits in half- more extremes
For both extremes
Against: not favourable

55
Q

What is directional selection?

A

For extreme trait
Against; the other extreme

56
Q

Who came up with the biological species concept?

A

Ernst Mayr

57
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

An actual or potentially interbreeding of a population that does not interbreed with other such populations when there is opportunity to do so.
Assumes that populations can sexually reproduce while may species reproduce asexually
Assumes that interbreeding populations must produce fertile offspring
Would have said that these are not different species
Mallards can interbred with many different waterfowl
Oaks can hybridize with one another

58
Q

What is the evidence to support evolution?

A

Structures, Developmental sequences, Molecules- these are all homologuous

59
Q

What is a vestigial appendage?

A

remnants structures from a primiative ancestor

60
Q

What are Atavistic Structures?

A

When a characteristic reappears that has been gone for generations

61
Q

What is a cladogram?

A

a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species.

62
Q

What is the Distributional Evidence of evolution?

A

Geographic distribution
Marsupials are not distributed equally across the earth
Ancestor was concentrated when Australia broke off from pangea
North America used to have the same types of animals found in Africa
Thought they died out due to over hunting or climate shift

63
Q

What is a homologous structure?

A

similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions (
The arm of a human, the wing of a bird or a bat, the leg of a dog and the flipper of a dolphin or whale)

64
Q

What is an Analogous Structures?

A

Same function; different feature (wings and fins)

65
Q

What is Exaptation?

A

A structural feature that has changed function
Bird feathers and wings
Function is flight
Flightless birds are the most primitive
Characteristics like the last avian dinosaurs

66
Q

What is Epigenetic Inheritance?

A

A gene that is suppressed becomes unsuppressed and is expressed and is then passed onward in offspring

67
Q

What is the most common way of epigenetic inheritance?

A

Through a methyl group bind to a portion of an intron and that then that portion of that gene becomes expressed

68
Q

What is a niche?

A

A niche is the role the species plays, and includes the type of food its eats, where it lives, where it reproduces, and its relationship with other species.

69
Q

Who coined” Survival of the fittest”

A

Herbert Spencer, 1864)

70
Q

Who was Patrick Matthew?

A

Scottish farmer, forester and land owner; 1831- developed concept of natural selection, did not publish it

71
Q

Who was Jean-Baptist Lamarch and what did he purpose?

A

French naturalist; Epigenetics

72
Q

What is exaption?

A

When a trait performs a certain function now, but arose from some other function

73
Q

Spandrel

A

A type of exaption where no original function was present

Evolution and Ecology (5 decks)

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