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Biology 202 > LAB MIDTERM CHP 17-19 > Flashcards

LAB MIDTERM CHP 17-19 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a virus?

A

A microscopic organism that can only replicate within a host cell. Viruses cause many diseases.

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2
Q

What is a virion?

A

A single, mature virus particle.

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3
Q

What is a capsid?

A

An outer protein coat constructed from protein subunits called capsomeres.

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4
Q

What are the 4 shapes of viruses?

A

Viruses may be spherical, brick-like, helical, or polyhedral.

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5
Q

What are enveloped viruses?

A

Viruses encased in an envelope derived from the host cell.

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6
Q

What are some examples of enveloped viruses?

A

AIDS, herpes, smallpox, influenza, and rabies.

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7
Q

What are naked viruses?

A

Viruses that do not contain an envelope.

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8
Q

What are some examples of naked viruses?

A

Warts, polio, parvo, and hepatitis A.

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9
Q

____ are viruses that affect viruses.

A

Bacteriophages.

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10
Q

____ viruses only undergo the lytic cycle.

A

Virulent.

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11
Q

In contrast to lytic viruses, ____ allow for integration and viral replication of the viral genome without immediately lysing the cell.

A

Temperate.

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12
Q

What are the five phases of a typical bacteriophage life cycle?

A

Adsorption or attachment, entry, synthesis & assembly, and release.

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13
Q

What are viroids?

A

Viroids are viruses that cause diseases in plants.

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14
Q

Structurally, viroids consist of what?

A

A circular strand of RNA only a few hundred bases in length and lack a protein coat.

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15
Q

What are prion?

A

Prions are viruses responsible for diseases in animals.

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16
Q

Unlike living organisms, Prions do not have ____.

A

Nucleic acids.

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17
Q

What makes it difficult to denature the infectious status of prions?

A

Prions do not have nucleic acids, making traditional means of denaturation ineffective.

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18
Q

What are some ways in which viral disease spread?

A

Viral disease may spread through coughing/sneezing, and the transmission of bodily fluids.

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19
Q

What are the anatomical features of a typical virus?

A

A typical virus is composed of a capsid, ss/ds DNA or ss/ds RNA, and may be membranous.

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20
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A pathogen is a disease causing bacterium, virus, or other microorganism.

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21
Q

What is the role of Rhizobium?

A

Rhizobium live in a mutualistic, symbiotic relationship with the roots of plants known as legumes. Rhizobium bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen and, lastly, are essential in the production of many products.

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22
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

The treatment of waste with the use of bacteria.

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23
Q

Bacteria are prokaryotes that display a number of nutritional modes which include:

A

Photoautotrophism (light & CO2), chemoautotrophism (Inorganic chemicals & CO2), photoheterotrophism (light & organic sources), and chemohetrotrophism (energy & carbon from organic molecules.

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24
Q

What are obligate aerobes? What are obligate anaerobes?

A

Obligate aerobes are bacteria that require oxygen for survival. Obligate anaerobes are bacteria that cannot live in an environment with oxygen.

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25
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

Bacteria that can live in both environments that contain oxygen gas, and ones that don’t.

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26
Q

A vast majority of prokaryotes reproduce asexually through ____; however, three forms of genetic recombination, or horizontal gene factor have been described: ____, _____, _____.

A

Binary fission; transformation, transduction, and conjugation.

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27
Q

What separates archea from bacteria?

A

The difference lies in their cell wall composition - archea lack peptidoglycan in their cell wall. Also, no pathogenic archea have been described.

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28
Q

What are mesophiles?

A

Archea that can exist in soil, sediment, and other less extreme environments.

29
Q

What are the different types of archea?

A

Halophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles (oceanic vents with 100+ C), psychrophiles (extremely cold), acidophiles, and alkaliphiles.

30
Q

What is the role of methanogens?

A

Methanogens metabolize CO2 to oxidize hydrogen and release methane gas as a waste product.

31
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Pili (hairlike structures extending from the cell wall), that attach the bacterium to a substrate.

32
Q

What is the function of the endospore in some bacteria?

A

Endospores ensure the survival of a bacterium through periods of environmental stress.

33
Q

Where can one find genetic material in bacteria?

A

Bacterial genes are usually found in a single bacterial chromosome housed in the nucleoid. Genetic material can also be found in a ringlike plasmid.

34
Q

Gram-positive bacteria appear ____ after staining.

A

purple.

35
Q

Gram-negative bacteria appear ____ after staining.

A

pink.

36
Q

What is a zone of inhibition?

A

A clear area of no growth

37
Q

What is luciferase?

A

A light emitting chemical.

38
Q

List several bioluminescent organisms.

A

Glow in the dark algae, glow worms, jellyfish, foxfire fungi, & bacteria.

39
Q

What is the relationship between ATP and bioluminescence?

A

Bioluminescence requires a lot of ATP.

40
Q

What are 3 diseases caused by bacteria?

A

Gonorrhea, cholera, and gangrene.

41
Q

What are 3 helpful bacteria?

A

mycoplasma (antibiotics), cyanobacteria (nitrogen-fixation), and proteobacteria (digestive tract).

42
Q

Describe the major shapes of bacteria.

A

Cocci (spherical) and spirilli (spiral-shaped).

43
Q

What is the purpose of gram staining?

A

Gram staining allow us to identify and study bacteria

44
Q

How does bioluminescence aid gram-negative bacteria?

A

Bioluminescence help bacteria form symbiont relationships with several organisms.

45
Q

What are algae?

A

Plantlike protists.

46
Q

What are chlorophytes? Give two examples.

A

Green algae. Two examples are spirogyra and volvox.

47
Q

What are protoplasts?

A

the protoplasm of a living plant or bacterial cell whose cell wall has been removed.

48
Q

Describe phylum bacillariophyta.

A

Bascillariophyta consists of uniquely shaped algae called diatoms that a possess a test (shell) made of two halves.

49
Q

Describe phylum bacillariophyta.

A

Bascillariophyta consists of uniquely shaped algae called diatoms that a possess a silica test (shell) made of two halves.

50
Q

Which phylum of algae may possess two flagella and be considered mixotrophs?

A

Euglenoids.

51
Q

some euglenoids are characterized by having a pellicle - describe its function.

A

Pellicles helical protein bands that extend along the length of the cell beneath the plasma membrane and replace a rigid cell wall.

52
Q

Some euglenoids are characterized by having a pellicle - describe its function.

A

Pellicles helical protein bands that extend along the length of the cell beneath the plasma membrane and replace a rigid cell wall.

53
Q

What are slime molds?

A

Slime molds are fungus-like protists.

54
Q

The cellular slime molds have been places in phylum

A

Acrasiomycota.

55
Q

____ ____ are placed in phylum Oomycota.

A

Water molds.

56
Q

What form of protist was responsible for the Irish potato famine.

A

Water molds.

57
Q

During adverse conditions, slime molds form this structure.

A

Pseudoplasmodium.

58
Q

____ is a temporary stage that gives rise to fruiting bodies that produce spores.

A

Pseudoplasmodium.

59
Q

Where can one find Saprolegnia?

A

Growing on dying or dead fish.

60
Q

Where can one find slime molds?

A

In the soil as solitary amoeboid cells.

61
Q

What organisms was responsible for the Irish potato famine?

A

Phytophthora infestans

62
Q

Describe the group of animal like protists known as the sarcodines.

A

Sarcodines do not have a cell wall, or pellicle surround their plasma membrane. Majority reproduce asexually through binary fission.

63
Q

What are amoeba.

A

Ameoba are animal like protists. Ameoba move and eat via pseudopodia and are tipped by a hyaline cap.

64
Q

What is a hyaline cap?

A

A clear space at the leading edge of the pseudopod.

65
Q

Phylum ________ are free-living, well known parasites.

A

Zoomastigophorans.

66
Q

What is unique about Giardia and Trichomonas? How are they changing taxonomy?

A

Both have modified mitochondria. Giardia have mitosomes that generate ATP indirectly, and Trichomonas possess hydrogenosomes.

67
Q

Describe the action of the contractile vacuole in a hypotonic solution.

A

The contractile vacuole removes excess water that diffuses through the membrane.

68
Q

What is a pseudopod?

A

“False feet” that aid in movement and allow amoeba to phagocytize.

69
Q

Why should pregnant women be cautious with cats?

A

Cats are the primary host for toxoplasmosis, a disease which can cause death in newborns.

Biology 202 (8 decks)

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