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Biology 2051 > Lab Midterm > Flashcards

Lab Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of eukaryotic microbes

A

fungi, algae, and protozoa

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2
Q

Mixture of nutrients in which a microorganism can grown

A

medium/media

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3
Q

Comes from red algae.
Melts at 100 C
Solidifies at 40 C

A

agar

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4
Q

medium that has known amounts of chemicals

A

defined medium

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5
Q

medium that has chemically undefined components such as yeast extract or peptone

A

complex medium

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6
Q

killing or removal of all living organisms from a medium

A

sterilization

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7
Q

Sterilization technique for media and glass

A

Autoclave at 121 degrees C

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8
Q

Sterilization technique for loops and glass

A

Dry heat: flaming, hot air

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9
Q

Sterilization for heat sensitive liquids like antibiotics

A

filtration

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10
Q

sterilization for surfaces

A

Radiation: UV, gamma rays

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11
Q

Sterilization for heat sensitive materials such as ethylene oxide

A

cold sterilization

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12
Q

occur naturally on or in body, don’t cause infection under normal circumstances

A

Resident (normal) microbiota/flora

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13
Q

temporary on body, can’t grow on skin because too dry and acidic

A

Transient flora

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14
Q

hospital acquired infection

A

Nosocomial infection

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15
Q

number of microorganisms required to establish an infection

A

infectious dose

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16
Q

a group of genetically identical bacteria, arising from a single cell on an agar plate

A

colony

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17
Q

Three types of whole colony shape

A

round, irregular, rhizoid

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18
Q

Three types of margin shape

A

smooth/entire, lobate, filamentous

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19
Q

three types of elevation

A

convex, umbonate, flat

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20
Q

Common normal flora

A

Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, Propionibacterium

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21
Q

Triclosan

A

liquid soaps

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22
Q

Triclocarban

A

bar soaps

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23
Q

antibacterial and anti fungal agents that disrupt the cell membrane synthesis

A

soaps

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24
Q

What do soaps really do?

A

gets rid of transient flora

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25
Q

colony characteristics

A

colony morphology

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26
Q

unwanted organism which has been accidentally introduced into the culture

A

contaminant

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27
Q

some examples of aseptic technique

A

washing hands, disinfecting benches, sterilizing inoculating loops

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28
Q

a culture that contains only one kind of microorganism

A

pure culture

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29
Q

technique for diluting bacteria on agar plates; can be used to isolate bacteria from a mixture

A

streak plate

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30
Q

Common streak plate mistakes

A

not flaming between quadrants, not letting the loop cool, going back to the previous quadrant too much/not enough

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31
Q

Colony morphology: off-white, semi translucent, round, smooth, produces a dark colony with a green metallic sheen on EMB plate

A

Escherichia coli

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32
Q

Colony morphology: white, opaque, and small

A

Staphylococcus epidermis

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33
Q

makes cells more visible by adding contrast between cells and background

A

staining

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34
Q

1st step in staining cells, can be made from solid or liquid culture

A

smear

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35
Q

kills microorganisms and sticks them to slide to allow for easier visualization and staining

A

heat fixation

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36
Q

a result of staining, allows for visualization of cells

A

contrast

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37
Q

aqueous or alcohol solution of a single basic dye; highlights entire cells, stains every cell the same

A

Simple stain

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38
Q

shape of cell, visible only under magnification of microscope

A

morphology

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39
Q

arrangement of pairs of cocci

A

diplococcus

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40
Q

arrangement of cocci in random or grape like structures

A

staphylococcus

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41
Q

chain of cocci or bacilli

A

streptobacillus/streptococcus

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42
Q

tetrad or cubical packets of cocci

A

micrococcus

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43
Q

spiral with an axial rod

A

spirochetes

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44
Q

incomplete spiral

A

vibrio

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45
Q

irregular or variable shaped cell

A

pleomorphic

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46
Q

Colony morphology: yellow and opaque, gram positive

A

Micrococcus luteus

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47
Q

staphylococci, gram positive

A

staphylococcus epidermis

48
Q

small, random bacilli, peritrichous, gram negative,

A

escherichia coli

49
Q

spiral, gram negative

A

spirosoma linguale

50
Q

large, street bacilli, endospores make them resistant to UV

A

bacillus megaterium

51
Q

streptococci

A

streptococcus mutans

52
Q

curved rods, monotrichous

A

Vibrio natriegens

53
Q

filamentous rods

A

streptomyces coelicolor

54
Q

diplococci or tetrads, can quickly repair DNA damage caused by UV

A

deinococcus radiodurans

55
Q

total magnification =

A

magnification of the ocular lens (10x) multiplied by the objective lens

56
Q

if an objective lens is in focus, when you change to another objective it should remain relatively in focus

57
Q

concentrates light going to the stage

58
Q

controls amount of light accessing the stage

A

iris diaphragm

59
Q

the distance between 2 points at which the points can be seen as two separate, distinct entities

A

resolving power

60
Q

maximum resolution of our compound light microscope

A

0.2 micrometers

61
Q

reduces the amount of light scattered between the specimen and the object thereby increasing the resolution

A

immersion oil

62
Q

move back and forth by dyne motor proteins; made of microtubules

A

flagella and cilia

63
Q

there parts of a prokaryotic flagellum

A

filament
hook
motor - driven by proton or sodium motive force

64
Q

flagella are attached at one or both ends of the cell; movement more rapid, spinning around from place to place

65
Q

flagella are inserted at many locations around the surface; movement typically slow and in a straight line
Ex. Proteus, Salmonella, Escherichia

A

peritrichous

66
Q

one polar flagella

Ex. Vibrio, Pseudomonas

A

monotrichous

67
Q

many flagella at one end

Ex. Rhodospirillum photometricum

A

lophotrichous

68
Q

one flagella at each end

Ex. Spirillum

A

amphitrichous

69
Q

What does motility test medium contain

A

0.4% agar, tetrazolium salt

70
Q

bacteria will reduce the tetrazolium salt as they carry out metabolism; what does tetrazolium salt look like in these condition

71
Q

peritrichous

A

proteus vulgaris

72
Q

peritrichous

A

spirillum volutans

73
Q

distinguishes cell types

A

differential stain

74
Q

color of gram positive cells

A

blue/purple

75
Q

color of gram negative cells

76
Q

Steps in gram stain

A
  1. Crystal Violet - primary stain
  2. Iodine - mordant
  3. Ethanol - decolorizer (gram negative cells lose purple coloring)
  4. Safranin - counterstain
77
Q

How does iodine work as a mordant?

A

chemically binds to the molecules of crystal violet

78
Q

have a thick peptidoglycan layer; alcohol is unable to leach out the crystal violet-iodine complex

A

gram positive

79
Q

alcohol penetrates lipopolysaccharide layer and the thin peptidoglycan layer does not prevent the alcohol from removing the crystal violet-iodine complex

A

gram negative

80
Q

streptobacilli, gram positive

A

bacillus cereus

81
Q

counts all cells using a hemocytometer

A

direct microscopic count

82
Q

counts only living cells using either a spread plate or pour plate

A

standard plate count

83
Q

can be correlated to viable cell count; spectrophotometer

A

turbidimetric assay

84
Q

MPN coliform index of less than or equal to 2.2 coliform per 100 mL of water

A

potable water

85
Q

what does the presence of coliforms indicate

A

fecal contamination

86
Q

Aerobic or facultative aerobic; gram negative; do not form endospores; rod shaped; ferment lactose and produce gas

87
Q

non-pathogenic bacterium whose presence in water indicated fecal contamination

A

indicator organism

88
Q

favors the growth of certain microbes and inhibits competitors

A

Selective medium

Ex - Laurel Sulfate Lactose (LSL) broth selects for gram negatie bacteria

89
Q

visible indication of a physiological characteristic

A

Differential Medium

90
Q

3 Tests of MPN technique

A

Presumptive, Confirmed, Completed

91
Q 
Presumptive Test
Medium:
Selective Component:
Selects for:
Differential Component
A 
LSL broth
Selective component: Lauryl Sulfate
Selects for: intestinal bacteria
Differential component: lactose
intestinal bacteria that ferment lactose and produce gas in the Durham tube
92
Q 
Confirmed Test
Medium:
Selective Component:
Selects for:
Differential Component:
A

Brilliant Green Lactose Bile (BLGB) broth
Selective components: brilliant green & bile
Selects for: coliform
Differential component: lactose

93
Q 
Completed Test
Medium:
Selective Component:
Selects for:
Differential Component:
A

Eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar
Selective Components: eosin and methylene blue dyes
Selects for: Gram negative bacteria
Differential component: lactose

94
Q

produces fish-eye colony on EMB plate

A

Enterobacter aerogenes

95
Q

water will leave the cell resulting in plasmolysis

A

hypertonic solution

96
Q

water will enter the cell until the cell can no longer take in water

A

hypotonic solution

97
Q

there will be no net flow of water through the cell

A

isotonic solution

98
Q

prefers no salt but can tolerate higher salt concentrations

A

halotolerant

Ex. Staphylococcus epidermis

99
Q

grow best at high salt concentrations

A

halophile

Ex. Vibrio natrigenes

100
Q

requires 15-30% salt

A

extreme halophile

Ex. Halo bacterium salinarium

101
Q

pH at which the organism grows best

A

optimum pH

102
Q

grow best at low pH

A

Acidophiles

103
Q

grow best at pH close to 7 (most bacteria)

A

Neutrophiles

104
Q

grow best at pH>7

A

Alkalinophiles

105
Q

several pH units at which the organism can grow

106
Q

used to sterilize surfaces; 10-400nm; causes thymine dimers

107
Q

most damaging wavelength to nucleic acids

108
Q

adjacent thymines covalently bond to each other resulting in mutations or death of cell

A

thymine dimers

109
Q

grow best at high temperatures

A

thermophiles

110
Q

grow best at the temperatures comfortable for humans

A

mesophiles

111
Q

grow best as low temperatures

A

physchrophiles

112
Q

What kind of stain is a capsule stain

A

background is stained but the capsule is not

113
Q

Functions of a capsule

A 
prevent desiccation
reserve energy source
attachment to host cell
resists phagocytosis
may enhance ability to cause disease
114
Q

Procedure for a capsule stain

A

Drop of Congo Red - stains background
Mix of organism then let dry
Flood with Manival’s stain - stains cells

115
Q

Why should you let the capsule stain air dry?

A

Heat fixing it would kill the cell and dry out the capsule which is mostly water

Biology 2051 (7 decks)

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