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Biology 2051 > Lab Final > Flashcards

Lab Final Flashcards

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1
Q

the sum of the reactions that are associated with the life of a cell

A

metabolism

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2
Q

biological catalysts that allow spontaneous unfavorable reactions to occur; convert substrates to products

A

enzyme

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3
Q

degrade large molecules outside of the cell into units that are small enough to be transported across the cell membrane

A

exoenzymes

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4
Q

degrade large molecules to simpler molecules releasing energy or synthesizing molecules that are needed by the cell

A

endoenzymes

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5
Q

enzymes that are produced only if its substrate is available, in an effort to conserve the cell’s energy

A

inducible or adaptive enzymes

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6
Q

enzymes that are essential to the cell, so they are produced at all times

A

constitutive enzymes

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7
Q

Hydrogen peroxide is a byproduct of what kind of metabolism?

A

aerobic

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8
Q

What are the substrates, products, and reagent/indicator for a catalase test?

A

Substrate: hydrogen peroxide
Products: water and O2
Reagent/Indicator: hydrogen peroxide

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9
Q

What organism was tested to be catalase positive? Catalase negative?

A

Positive: Staphylococcus epidermis
Negative: Streptococcus mutans

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10
Q

What type of bacteria is usually catalase Positive? Negative?

A

Positive: aerobic bacteria
Negative: fermentative or anaerobic bacteria

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11
Q

test used to differentiate medically relevant genera by seeing if cytochrome oxidase is produced by microbes

A

oxidase tests

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12
Q

What are the substrates, products, reagent/indicator, and media for an oxidase test? What does a positive result look like?

A 
Substrate: O2
Product: water
Reagent/Indicator: oxidase reagent
Media: TSA plate
Positive Result: immediately turns microbe blue/purple
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13
Q

What organism was tested to be oxidase positive? Oxidase negative?

A

Positive: Pseudomonas putida
Negative: E. coli

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14
Q

What kind of cells make oxidase enzymes?

A

cells that do respiration

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15
Q

transfers electrons to O2 to from water or hydrogen peroxide as the final electron transfer in electron transport of aerobic respiration

A

cytochrome oxidase

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16
Q

(CH2O)_n

A

carbohydrates

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17
Q

single molecule of a sugar (ex. glucose)

A

monosaccharide

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18
Q

polymers of glucose (ex. cellulose, starch)

A

polysaccharide

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19
Q

enzyme that hydrolyzes start into glucose to be transported into a cell for metabolism

A

amylase

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20
Q

commercial and industrial uses of microbially produced amylases

A

food, fermentation, brewing, distilling, textiles, paper, etc

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21
Q

What links cellulose?

A

Beta-1,4

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22
Q

What links starch and glycogen?

A

Alpha-1,4

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23
Q

What are the substrates, products, reagent/indicator, and media for an amylase test? What does a positive result look like?

A 
Substrate: Polysaccharide (starch)
Products: Oligosaccharides of glucose
Reagent/Indicator: iodine
Media: starch agar plate
Positive Result: zone of hydrolysis
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24
Q

What organism tested positive for the amylase test? Negative?

A

Positive: Bacillus subtilis
Negative: E. coli

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25
Q

enzyme that hydrolyzes cellulose into glucose to be transported into the cell for metabolism

A

cellulase

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26
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

eukaryotic (plant and algae) cell walls

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27
Q

What are the substrates, products, reagent/indicator, and media for a cellulose test? What does a positive result look like?

A

Substrate: polysaccharide (cellulose)
Product: oligosaccharides of glucose
Reagent/Indicator: none
Media Used: Dubos broth and agar with paper
Positive Result: plate turns yellow; broth shows paper degradation

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28
Q

Why was Cytophaga hutchinsonii used in the cellulase test?

A

aerobic degradation of cellulose in paper samples

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29
Q

amino acids joined by peptide bonds

A

protein

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30
Q

short chain of amino acids

A

peptide

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31
Q

enzymes that degrade proteins

A

proteases

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32
Q

commercial uses of proteases

A

laundry detergent, stain remover, meat tenderizer

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33
Q

milk protein

A

casein

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34
Q

how do you test for caseinase?

A

milk agar (nutrient agar + skim milk)

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35
Q

protein from bones of animals

A

gelatin

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36
Q

how do you test for gelatinase?

A

gelatine agar (nutrient agar + gelatin)

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37
Q

What are the substrates, products, reagent/indicator, and media for a caseinase test? What does a positive result look like?

A 
Substrate: Milk
Product: Pepties
Reagent/Indicator: none
Media: Milk Agar
Positive result: Zone of Hydrolysis
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38
Q

What organisms tested positive in the caseinase test? Negative?

A

Positive: Bacillus subtilis
Negative: E. coli

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39
Q

What are the substrates, products, reagent/indicator, and media for a gelatinase test? What does a positive result look like?

A 
Substrate: Gelatin
Product: Peptides
Reagent/Indicator: HCl
Media: Gelatin Agar
Positive result: Zone of Hydrolysis
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40
Q

What organisms tested positive in the gelatinase test? Negative?

A

Negative: E. coli
Positive: Bacillus subtilis

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41
Q

Can catabolism occur by fermentation or respiration?

A

both

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42
Q

common to fermentation & respiration; conversion of glucose to pyruvate

A

glycolysis

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43
Q

What decides if respiration will occur vs. fermentation

A

if a terminal electron acceptor is present, respiration will occur

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44
Q

Fermentation products (general)? Fermentation products in lactobacillus and saccharomyces?

A

General: CO2, acids, alcohol, etc.
Lactobacillus: lactic acid
Saccharomyces: alcohol and O2

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45
Q

How do you test if an organic is able to ferment a carbohydrate?

A

Use nutrient broth with 1 fermentable carbohydrate and a pH indicator. Inoculate organism and if it can ferment carbohydrate it will produce acid from fermentation (drops pH and turns broth yellow)

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46
Q

How does phenol red work?

A

Red at pH 7

Yellow below pH 6.9

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47
Q

What will be the result if an organism can ferment carbohydrates?

A

It will produce acid which drops the pH turning the broth yellow

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48
Q

2 amino acids that contain sulfur

A

cysteine & methionine

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49
Q

What happens when cysteine desulffhydrase cleaves sulfydryl group from cysteine?

A

releases hydrogen sulfide gas

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50
Q

What are the substrates, products, reagent/indicator, and media for a cysteine desulfhydrase test? What does a positive result look like?

A 
Substrates: Cysteine
Product: Pyruvate, NH3 (ammonia), H2S (hydrogen sulfide)
Reagent/Indicator: Ferric citrate
Media: Peptone iron agar deep
Positive Result: black precipitate
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51
Q

What organism tested positive in the cysteine desulfhydrase test? Negative?

A

Positive: Citrobacter freundii
Negative: E. coli

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52
Q

What happens if an organism makes cysteine desulfhydrase?

A

H2S will react with ferric citrate to make ferrous sulfide (FeS) which is black

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53
Q

4 biochemical tests used to more precisely identify coliform; used to check quality of water, milk, other foods

A

IMViC series

54
Q

What does IMViC stand for?

A

Indole Methyl Red Voges-Proskauer and Citrate test

55
Q

useful in differentiation between several gram negative, enteric bacteria

A

IMViC

56
Q

determines if organism produce tryptophanase

A

indole

57
Q

determines if organisms ca ferment glucose by mixed acid fermentation

A

methyl red

58
Q

determines if organisms can ferment glucose by butanediol fermentation

A

Vogues-Proskauer

59
Q

determines if organisms can use citrate as a sole carbon source

A

Citrate

60
Q

What are the substrates, products, reagent/indicator, and media for an indole/tryptophanase test? What does a positive result look like?

A 
Substrates: Tryptophan
Products: Indole
Reagent/Indicator: Kovac's reagent
Media: 1% tryptone broth
Positive Result: Red/pink layer on top
61
Q

What organism tested positive for an indole test?

A

Positive: E. coli
Negative: Ent. aerogenes

62
Q

Some organisms use mixed acid fermentation to ferment glucose and produce lots of acid. What is the pH indicator?

A

Methyl Red

63
Q

What does the MRVP broth contain?

A

glucose

64
Q

What does the Voges-Proskauer test look for?

A

Organisms that use butanediol fermentation and produce neutral products such as acetoin from the fermentation of glucose

65
Q

What are the substrates, products, reagent/indicator, and media for a citrate/citrate-permease test? What does a positive result look like?

A 
Substrate: Citrate
Product: Alkaline products
Reagent/Indicator: Bromthymol blue
Media: Simmon's citrate agar
Positive: Slant becomes blue
66
Q

What organism tested as positive in the MR test? Negative?

A

Positive: E. coli
Negative: Ent. aerogenes

67
Q

What organism tested as positive in the VP test? Negative?

A

Positive: Ent. aerogenes
Negative: E. coli

68
Q

What organism tested as positive in the citrate test? Negative?

A

Positive: Ent. aerogenes
Negative: E. coli

69
Q

What does E. coli reduce to in a nitrate test?

A

NO2-

70
Q

What does P. denitrificans reduce to in a nitrate test?

A

N2 or N2O

71
Q

What are the substrates, products, reagent/indicator, and media for a nitrate reductase test? What does a positive result look like?

A 
Substrate: Nitrate
Product: Nitrite
Reagent/Indicator: alpha-naphthylamine acetate & sulfanilic acid
Media: Nitrate broth with Durham tube
Positive: Red color
72
Q

What are the substrates, products, reagent/indicator, and media for a nitrite reductase test? What does a positive result look like?

A 
Substrate: Nitrite
Product: N2O or N2 gas
Reagent/Indicator: Durham tube
Media: Nitrate broth with Durham tube
Positive: bubbles in durham tube
73
Q

Purpose of nitrogen fixation lab

A

to isolate a nitrogen-fixing microbes using an enrichment culture technique

74
Q

What is nitrogen needed for?

A

nucleic acids, proteins, and some phospholipids

75
Q

Sources of Nitrogen

A 
N2 - air
NH3 - ammonia
NO3 - nitrate
NO2 - nitrite
amino acids - organic nitrogen
76
Q

the ability of an organism to obtain N2 from the air and covert it to ammonia and organic nitrogen

A

nitrogen fixation

77
Q

What do organisms use to fix nitrogen?

A

nitrogenase enzyme complex

78
Q

Dinitrogenase reductase is ____ by oxygen

A

inhibited

79
Q

aerobic, free-living, nitrogen fixing soil bacterium

A

azotobacter vinelandii

80
Q

Why does Azotobacter vinelandii use a protein to bind to the nitrogenase complex?

A

To protect the dinitrogenase reductase from oxygen

81
Q

produces alginate capsule that slows the rate of oxygen absorption

A

Azotobacter vinelandii

82
Q

breaks down tryptophan into indole, pyretic acid and ammonia

A

tryptophanase

83
Q

Methyl red turns red below pH

A

4.2

84
Q

carbon source in a citrate test

A

sodium citrate

85
Q

nitrogen source in citrate test

A

ammonium phosphate

86
Q

pH indicator in citrate test

A

bromythmol blue (green at pH 7, blue above)

87
Q

transports citrate from agar inside the cell to be used as carbon source

A

citrate permease

88
Q

if an organism can use citrate as a carbon source an ammonium phosphate as a nitrogen source, what will happen to the citrate slant?

A

organism will grow and produce alkaline product that will turn the slant from green to blue

89
Q

breaks down tryptophan into indole, pyruvic acid and ammonia

A

tryptophanase

90
Q

beta hemolysis on blood agar

A

clear colonies, Streptococcus pyogenes

91
Q

alpha hemolysis on blood agar

A

green colonies

92
Q

structures or substances produced by a microbe which enhance its ability to cause disease

A

virulence factor

93
Q

What are the substrates, products, reagent/indicator, and media for a coagulase test? What does a positive result look like?

A 
Substrate: fibrinogen
Product: fibrin
Reagent/Indicator: Solidification/clots
Media: Plasma
Positive: white solid
94
Q

What organism tested positive for coagulase on a MSA plate? Negative?

A

Positive: Staphylococcus aureus (yellow pigmented)
Negative: Staph epidermis

95
Q

genera that is gram +, catalase +, and salt tolerant

A

staphylococcus

96
Q

enzyme which converts fibrinogen to fibrin causing plasma to clot; virulence factor

A

coagulase

97
Q

What is on a Mannitol Salt Agar plate?

A

7.5% salt
Mannitol - selective for mannitol fermenters
Phenol red - pH indicator

98
Q

How would an organism test positive for coagulase in a plasma tube?

A

the plasma will clot

99
Q

intimate relationship between 2 dissimilar organisms

A

symbiosis

100
Q

both organisms benefit fro the relationship (ex. lichens)

A

mutualism

101
Q

one organism benefits, the other is unaffected (ex. Bacteroides & E. coli)

A

commensalism

102
Q

both organisms benefit but relationship is not necessary for their survival; each supplies a nutrient required for the other under certain conditions (Ex. lactobacillus & enterococcus can grow without each other on enriched media but can only grow on minimal media if both are present)

A

synergism

103
Q

host is harmed but parasite benefits (ex. fleas, Bdellovibrio & E. coli)

A

parasitism

104
Q

one organism produces substance that inhibits another organism (ex. penicillium)

A

antagonism

105
Q

gram positive, streptobacillus, catalase negative

A

lactobacillus acidophilus

106
Q

symbiotic relationship with legumes

A

Rhizobium

107
Q

a protein on the surface of the root hair

A

lectin

108
Q

a structure formed when Rhizobium bacteria enters the root hair and moves through the root cells

A

Infection thread

109
Q

an iron containing heme similar to hemoglobin found in plants

A

leghemoglobin

110
Q

gives the nodule its red or pink color

A

leghemoglobin

111
Q

restoring soil fertility by providing nitrogen source for the plants; a leguminous crop is substituted for the main cash crop in a field after a certain number of growing season

A

crop rotation

112
Q

lytic cycle

A
  1. phage attaches to host cell and injects DNA
  2. phage DNA circularizes and enters lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle
  3. new phage DNA and proteins are synthesized
  4. cell lyses, releasing phage virions
113
Q

lysogenic cycle

A
  1. phage attaches to host cell and injects NA
  2. phage DNA circularizes and enters lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle
  3. phage DNA integrates within the bacterial chromosome by recombination, becoming a prophage
  4. Lysogenic bacterium reproduces naturally
  5. Occasionally, the prophage may excise from the bacterial chromosome by another recombination event, initiating a lytic cycle
114
Q

chemical that kills or inhibits the growth of mirobes

A

antimicrobial agent

115
Q

agent that is lethal to microbes

A

cidal agent

116
Q

agent that inhibits growth and does not kill microbes

A

static agent

117
Q

antimicrobial agent used only on inanimate objects (ex. ammonia, bleach, ethanol)

A

disinfectant

118
Q

antimicrobial agent that can be applied to living tissue (ex. iodine, ethanol)

A

antiseptic

119
Q

Factors affecting the effectiveness of a chemical agent

A

contact time and concentration of agent

120
Q

effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent is determined by the size of the

A

zone of inhibition

121
Q

clear area around the anti microbic disc where there is no bacterial growth

A

zone of inhibition

122
Q

size of the zone of inhibition depends on

A
  1. diffusion rate of the chemical agent into the media
  2. concentration of the bacteria
  3. type of growth medium
123
Q

chemical substance produced by a microbe that kills or inhibit the growth of other microbes (ex. penicillin)

A

antibiotic

124
Q

way through which antibodies kill or prevent the growth of pathogens

A

mode of action

125
Q

What is penicillin’s mode of action?

A

penicillin prevents proper synthesis of the cell wall, subjecting it to lysis

126
Q

smallest amount of agent needed to inhibit the growth of a microbe

A

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

127
Q

standard procedure used to measure antimicrobial activity

A

Kirby Bauer method

128
Q

30S bacterial ribosome inhibitor

A

Gentamicin or Tetracycline

129
Q

inhibits 50S ribosomal subunit

A

Chloramphenicol

130
Q

50S bacterial ribosome inhibitor

A

Erythromycin

131
Q

inhibits transpeptidase, cannot synthesis cell walls

A

ampicillin

132
Q

interferes with cell wall synthesis

A

cefoxitin

Biology 2051 (7 decks)

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