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Human physiology 151 > Lab midterm #2 > Flashcards

Lab midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

When should you use a bar graph vs. a line graph

A

Bar graph = categorical data
Line graph = continuous data

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2
Q

Where do you put the independent and dependent variable on a graph

A

independent = x
dependent = y

(my independent e(X) couldn’t figure out wh(Y) I was dependent)

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3
Q

What does/is TV stand for (Respiratory physiology and buffering capacity)

A

Tidal volume = air volume breathed in a single inhalation

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4
Q

What does/is IRV stand for (Respiratory physiology and buffering capacity)

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume = air remaining in lungs and passageways after max. expiration

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5
Q

What does/is ERV stand for (Respiratory physiology and buffering capacity)

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume = air that can be breathed out after normal exhalation

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6
Q

What does/is VC stand for (Respiratory physiology and buffering capacity)

A

Vital Capacity = amount of air someone can expel from lungs after max. inhalation

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7
Q

The presence of nitrites in the urine would be indicative of what?

A

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

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8
Q

What does/is FEV1 stand for (Respiratory physiology and buffering capacity)

A

Forced Expiratory Volume = max. air that can forcefully blow out of lungs in 1 sec.

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9
Q

What does/is FVC stand for (Respiratory physiology and buffering capacity)

A

Forced Vital Capacity = air that can be forcibly exhaled from lungs after taking the deepest breath possible

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10
Q

What is the “normal” pH range in the urine?

A

5-6 (slightly acidic)

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11
Q

Name three things that could make the urine cloudy?

A

Bacterial infection, high WBC’s, high proteins

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12
Q

Variation in Urine colour is usually a result of what?

A

Fluid intake (hydration level)

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13
Q

The presence of blood in the urine is termed?

A

Hematuria

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14
Q

The presence of myoglobin in the urine may result from?

A

Muscle damage (crash Injury)

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15
Q

What is ventilation?

A

breathing air in and out of lungs

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16
Q

High levels of Ketone in the urine is termed?

A

Ketonuria

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17
Q

What is a result of high ventilation rate

A

-more alveolar air replaced with atmospheric air
-high partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air.

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18
Q

Ketonuria is mainly caused by what? Detailed explanation

A

If someone is fasting or starving, relying on their fat reserves for energy, Ketones are released and show up in the Urine.

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19
Q

What is the result of of a high concentration of oxygen in the alveolar air

A
  • higher rate of diffusion of oxygen into pulmonary blood
    -support a higher level of aerobic activity in body
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20
Q

High Ketone levels are observed in individuals with Hyperglycemia (in urine), why is that?

A

Because your body doesn’t have enough insulin to allow blood sugar into your cells to use as energy.

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21
Q

High glucose levels in the urine is called what?

A

Glycosuria

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22
Q

Glycosuria is usually indicative of what underlying problem?

A

Hyperglycemia caused by Diabetes Mellitus

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23
Q

How to calc. VC and what are the units of VC

A

-TV + IRV + ERV
-liters

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24
Q

Hematuria can be caused by infection but what else?

A

Strenuous activity/exercise (increase glomerular filtration of protein while overwhelming the reabsoprtion capacity of the nephron).

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25
Q

Which parts of a persons biology depend on their vital capacity (include units)

A

-sex (sex)
-height (cm)
-age (yrs)

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26
Q

High levels of leukocytes (WBC’s) in the blood is called?

A

pyuria

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27
Q

Describe how VC varies with age

A

-Decreases in peak air flow
-Decreases in measures of lung function
-Decrease in exchange of O2 and CO2

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28
Q

Describe how VC varies with height/weight

A

-Increases with height
-Decreases with increased mass

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29
Q

Describe how VC varies with biological sex

A

-stereotypical differences between male and female
-Leo is taller so more vital capacity cause he’s tall, Olivia is smaller so she has less VC cause of her shape and height

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30
Q

How to calc. percentage of FVC

A

(FEV1/FVC)X100=FVC

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31
Q

The rate and depth of ventilation is coordinated by what

A

-collection of nuclei in the brainstem collectively call the respiratory centers

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32
Q

What inputs to the respiratory centers receive to affect rate and depth of ventilation

A

-central chemoreceptors
-peripheral chemoreceptors
-lung stretch receptors

33
Q

What chemical is the main stimulus that triggers our need to breathe

A

CO2

34
Q

Microcyte in RBC’s means?

A

The red blood cell is smaller than the normal range.

35
Q

Describe the effect of hyperventilation on breath holding time, effect on CO2, effect on pCO2

A

-increased holding time with increased hyperventilation
-low levels of CO2 in the blood
-pCO2 decreases

36
Q

Macrocyte in RBC’s mean?

A

Red blood cells that are larger than usual.

37
Q

Describe the effect of exercise on breath holding time, effect on CO2, effect on pCO2

A

-exercising decreases the breath holding time
-higher CO2 levels in blood
-pCO2 increases

38
Q

Hyperchromic in RBC’s means?

A

Have more hemoglobin than normal giving it a deeper red hue.

39
Q

Hypochromic RBC’s

A

Have less hemoglobin than normal giving it a lighter more faded hue of red.

40
Q

What is a buffer

A

-able to absorb or release H+ ions
-prevent changes in pH as acids and bases are added

41
Q

In lab, Test tube #3 containing cream, bile and lipase, fatty acids were released most rapidly from the triglycerides, why is that?

A

Because it is most similar to digestion that occurs in the body, Bile acts as the mechanical digester (emulsifier) and lipase acts as the chemical reagent, breaking the triglycerides into fatty acids quicker than the other test tubes.

42
Q

Describe the connection between the respiratory system and blood pH

A

It adjusts pH using CO2
CO2 becomes carbonic acid when mixed with water, the amount of expired CO2 can increase or decrease pH

43
Q

What is Hydrolysis?

A

Any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds?

44
Q

Starch and cellulose is an example of what?

A

Polysaccharides

45
Q

What Organ is Pepsin secreted into? and what does pepsin do to proteins?

A

The Stomach. turns proteins into peptides.

46
Q

Average pH inside the stomach

A

1.5-3.5

47
Q

What is secreted in the stomach that affects pH

A

Hydrochloric acid

48
Q

High presence of protein in the urine is called what? What causes it?

A

Proteinuria or albuminuria. Usually a sign that your Kidneys are damaged.

49
Q

Where is Lingual lipase produced? What does it break triglycerides down into?

A

Produced in the oral cavity. breaks triglycerides down into monoglycerides and fatty acids.

50
Q

Triglycerides when confronted with lipase (Either lingual or pancreatic) breaks down into what?

A

Monoglycerides and fatty acids

51
Q

What makes muscle tissue Excitable?

A

Its ability to receive and respond to stimuli

52
Q

In Lab 9 for digestion, What 3 enzymes were we working with?

A

Salivary amylase, pepsin and lipase.

53
Q

What makes muscle tissue Extensible?

A

Its ability to be stretched.

54
Q

What does Salivary Amylase do to starches? and where is SA produced?

A

Produced in the oral cavity, it breaks starches down into disaccharides (eg. Maltose)

55
Q

What makes muscle tissue have Elasticity?

A

Its ability to recoil after stretch.

56
Q

Name three places in which lipase breaks down triglycerides?

A

Oral cavity (Lingual lipase), Pancreas (pancreatic lipase), and the small intestine (other lipases).

57
Q

What makes muscle tissue have Contractility?

A

Its ability to shorten when stimulated.

When cardiac muscle contracts (blood gets pumped out)

When smooth muscle contracts (changes shape of chamber which changes pressure and pushes contents along the chamber or tube)

When skeletal muscle contracts (the bone that’s connected to it moves)

  • Unique to muscle tissue
58
Q

List factors that effect the maximum amount of force than can be generated by a muscle:

A

1) Angles by which the muscle applies the force.

2) Initial length of a muscle.

3) Whether the muscle is shortening, maintaining a constant length or lengthening.

4) The speed at which a muscle is changing length.

5) Prior contractions (Is the muscle already fatigued).

6) Type of muscle fiber (slow twitch or fast twitch).

7) Size of muscle fiber (number of contractile proteins in each cell).

59
Q

For Benedict’s reagent test, various solutions incubating at 37 degrees for 30 minutes. Describe what the blue and orange colour’s revealed about the solutions.

A

Blue would indicate no precipitate=no reducing sugars

Orange/red precipitate= reducing sugars present.

60
Q

The effect of pH on hydrolysis of proteins by pepsin was tested using a biuret reagent (a very strong base). What were the three options for colours, and what do they represent?

A

Blue=no proteins or peptides present

purple= proteins present

pink= peptides present

61
Q

What is the optimum pH for most enzymes in the body?

A

pH 6 and pH 8.

62
Q

What is the Length- tension relationship of muscle?

A

“The amount of tension that is produced by a muscle as a feature of its length”

When the length of the “frog” sartorius mucscle increased the maximum tnesion increased aswell (untill it reached a certain length. then the tension dropped back down to 0).

63
Q

How did we demonstrate muscle fatigue in lab?

A

Someone held the “Dynamometer” with the wrist in nuetral position and apply max grip strength for up to 1 minute.

Measurement were taken every 5 seconds

64
Q

Why is pH important for enzymes working properly?

A

Because an optimum pH helps the enzyme bind to the substrate, allowing for the breakdown of the protein, carbohydrate etc…

65
Q

What is CONCENTRIC in terms of muscle?

A

If a muscle is getting shorter while it is contracting.

(eg) bicep curl (lifting the weight up until your elbow is at 90 degrees

66
Q

What is ECCENTRIC in terms of muscle?

A

If a muscle is getting longer even though it is contracting.

(eg) bicep curl down (bringing the weight back down until your arm is straight again

67
Q

What is ISOMETRIC in terms of muscle?

A

When tension is exerted by a muscle even without changes in its length.

(eg) holding a squat position

68
Q

True or false; a person with type A+ blood has anti-B antibodies in their plasma?

A

True

69
Q

True or false; a person with O+ blood can receive blood from a person with B+ blood?

A

False

70
Q

What is EMG?

A

Electromyography.

Contractions of muscle fibers is caused by waves of ion movement (action potential).

The analysis of electrical signals caused by ion movements and results in a recording called an electromyogram.

71
Q

True or false: someone with type B- blood can receive blood from someone with type B+ blood?

A

False

72
Q

How did the mean integrated EMG change in relation to an increase in weight lifted?

A

More weight = higher EMG

Proportional relationship

(eg) 2lb weight = 0.0993 mvs (low weight low result)
10lb weight = 0.296 mvs (high weight high results)

73
Q

What is it called when the mother and her baby have incompatible blood types?

A

Hemolytic disease of the Newborn

74
Q

Of these examples which one would be indicative of Hemolytic Disease of a newborn?
a)Mother O+, Baby O-
b)Mother O-, baby B-
c)Mother B-, baby B+
d)Mother B+, baby O-

A

C) Mother B-, baby B+

75
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The volume percentage of red blood cells.

76
Q

If a column of of packed red blood cells measures 20mm and the whole blood column measures 50mm what is the hematocrit of this individual?

A

20/50=0.4

(0.4 x 100)= 40%

hematocrit= 40%

77
Q

When a sample is spun in the centrifuge it separates into a red portion, a “Buffy coat” and a clear-ish portion. What makes up the Buffy coat? what makes up the clear-ish portion?

A

Buffy coat is makeup of Leukocytes

clear portion is made up of plasma

78
Q

How do you calculate Mean Corpuscular Volume

A

Hematocrit% x 10/ RBC count (millions/mm3)

ex: 42% x 10
5.7RBC/mm3
=73fL

79
Q

How do you calculate Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin

A

MCH= Hb(g/dL) x10 divided by RBC count (millions/mm3)

ex. 14 x 10 / 5.8
MCH= 24pg

Human physiology 151 (5 decks)

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