Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Human physiology 151 > Lab midterm #2 > Flashcards

Lab midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

When should you use a bar graph vs. a line graph

A

Bar graph = categorical data
Line graph = continuous data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where do you put the independent and dependent variable on a graph

A

independent = x
dependent = y

(my independent e(X) couldn’t figure out wh(Y) I was dependent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does/is TV stand for (Respiratory physiology and buffering capacity)

A

Tidal volume = air volume breathed in a single inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does/is IRV stand for (Respiratory physiology and buffering capacity)

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume = air remaining in lungs and passageways after max. expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does/is ERV stand for (Respiratory physiology and buffering capacity)

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume = air that can be breathed out after normal exhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does/is VC stand for (Respiratory physiology and buffering capacity)

A

Vital Capacity = amount of air someone can expel from lungs after max. inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The presence of nitrites in the urine would be indicative of what?

A

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does/is FEV1 stand for (Respiratory physiology and buffering capacity)

A

Forced Expiratory Volume = max. air that can forcefully blow out of lungs in 1 sec.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does/is FVC stand for (Respiratory physiology and buffering capacity)

A

Forced Vital Capacity = air that can be forcibly exhaled from lungs after taking the deepest breath possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the “normal” pH range in the urine?

A

5-6 (slightly acidic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name three things that could make the urine cloudy?

A

Bacterial infection, high WBC’s, high proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Variation in Urine colour is usually a result of what?

A

Fluid intake (hydration level)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The presence of blood in the urine is termed?

A

Hematuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The presence of myoglobin in the urine may result from?

A

Muscle damage (crash Injury)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is ventilation?

A

breathing air in and out of lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

High levels of Ketone in the urine is termed?

A

Ketonuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a result of high ventilation rate

A

-more alveolar air replaced with atmospheric air
-high partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ketonuria is mainly caused by what? Detailed explanation

A

If someone is fasting or starving, relying on their fat reserves for energy, Ketones are released and show up in the Urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the result of of a high concentration of oxygen in the alveolar air

A
  • higher rate of diffusion of oxygen into pulmonary blood
    -support a higher level of aerobic activity in body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

High Ketone levels are observed in individuals with Hyperglycemia (in urine), why is that?

A

Because your body doesn’t have enough insulin to allow blood sugar into your cells to use as energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

High glucose levels in the urine is called what?

A

Glycosuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Glycosuria is usually indicative of what underlying problem?

A

Hyperglycemia caused by Diabetes Mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How to calc. VC and what are the units of VC

A

-TV + IRV + ERV
-liters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hematuria can be caused by infection but what else?

A

Strenuous activity/exercise (increase glomerular filtration of protein while overwhelming the reabsoprtion capacity of the nephron).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Which parts of a persons biology depend on their vital capacity (include units)
-sex (sex) -height (cm) -age (yrs)
26
High levels of leukocytes (WBC's) in the blood is called?
pyuria
27
Describe how VC varies with age
-Decreases in peak air flow -Decreases in measures of lung function -Decrease in exchange of O2 and CO2
28
Describe how VC varies with height/weight
-Increases with height -Decreases with increased mass
29
Describe how VC varies with biological sex
-stereotypical differences between male and female -Leo is taller so more vital capacity cause he's tall, Olivia is smaller so she has less VC cause of her shape and height
30
How to calc. percentage of FVC
(FEV1/FVC)X100=FVC
31
The rate and depth of ventilation is coordinated by what
-collection of nuclei in the brainstem collectively call the respiratory centers
32
What inputs to the respiratory centers receive to affect rate and depth of ventilation
-central chemoreceptors -peripheral chemoreceptors -lung stretch receptors
33
What chemical is the main stimulus that triggers our need to breathe
CO2
34
Microcyte in RBC's means?
The red blood cell is smaller than the normal range.
35
Describe the effect of hyperventilation on breath holding time, effect on CO2, effect on pCO2
-increased holding time with increased hyperventilation -low levels of CO2 in the blood -pCO2 decreases
36
Macrocyte in RBC's mean?
Red blood cells that are larger than usual.
37
Describe the effect of exercise on breath holding time, effect on CO2, effect on pCO2
-exercising decreases the breath holding time -higher CO2 levels in blood -pCO2 increases
38
Hyperchromic in RBC's means?
Have more hemoglobin than normal giving it a deeper red hue.
39
Hypochromic RBC's
Have less hemoglobin than normal giving it a lighter more faded hue of red.
40
What is a buffer
-able to absorb or release H+ ions -prevent changes in pH as acids and bases are added
41
In lab, Test tube #3 containing cream, bile and lipase, fatty acids were released most rapidly from the triglycerides, why is that?
Because it is most similar to digestion that occurs in the body, Bile acts as the mechanical digester (emulsifier) and lipase acts as the chemical reagent, breaking the triglycerides into fatty acids quicker than the other test tubes.
42
Describe the connection between the respiratory system and blood pH
It adjusts pH using CO2 CO2 becomes carbonic acid when mixed with water, the amount of expired CO2 can increase or decrease pH
43
What is Hydrolysis?
Any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds?
44
Starch and cellulose is an example of what?
Polysaccharides
45
What Organ is Pepsin secreted into? and what does pepsin do to proteins?
The Stomach. turns proteins into peptides.
46
Average pH inside the stomach
1.5-3.5
47
What is secreted in the stomach that affects pH
Hydrochloric acid
48
High presence of protein in the urine is called what? What causes it?
Proteinuria or albuminuria. Usually a sign that your Kidneys are damaged.
49
Where is Lingual lipase produced? What does it break triglycerides down into?
Produced in the oral cavity. breaks triglycerides down into monoglycerides and fatty acids.
50
Triglycerides when confronted with lipase (Either lingual or pancreatic) breaks down into what?
Monoglycerides and fatty acids
51
What makes muscle tissue Excitable?
Its ability to receive and respond to stimuli
52
In Lab 9 for digestion, What 3 enzymes were we working with?
Salivary amylase, pepsin and lipase.
53
What makes muscle tissue Extensible?
Its ability to be stretched.
54
What does Salivary Amylase do to starches? and where is SA produced?
Produced in the oral cavity, it breaks starches down into disaccharides (eg. Maltose)
55
What makes muscle tissue have Elasticity?
Its ability to recoil after stretch.
56
Name three places in which lipase breaks down triglycerides?
Oral cavity (Lingual lipase), Pancreas (pancreatic lipase), and the small intestine (other lipases).
57
What makes muscle tissue have Contractility?
Its ability to shorten when stimulated. When cardiac muscle contracts (blood gets pumped out) When smooth muscle contracts (changes shape of chamber which changes pressure and pushes contents along the chamber or tube) When skeletal muscle contracts (the bone that's connected to it moves) * Unique to muscle tissue
58
List factors that effect the maximum amount of force than can be generated by a muscle:
1) Angles by which the muscle applies the force. 2) Initial length of a muscle. 3) Whether the muscle is shortening, maintaining a constant length or lengthening. 4) The speed at which a muscle is changing length. 5) Prior contractions (Is the muscle already fatigued). 6) Type of muscle fiber (slow twitch or fast twitch). 7) Size of muscle fiber (number of contractile proteins in each cell).
59
For Benedict's reagent test, various solutions incubating at 37 degrees for 30 minutes. Describe what the blue and orange colour's revealed about the solutions.
Blue would indicate no precipitate=no reducing sugars Orange/red precipitate= reducing sugars present.
60
The effect of pH on hydrolysis of proteins by pepsin was tested using a biuret reagent (a very strong base). What were the three options for colours, and what do they represent?
Blue=no proteins or peptides present purple= proteins present pink= peptides present
61
What is the optimum pH for most enzymes in the body?
pH 6 and pH 8.
62
What is the Length- tension relationship of muscle?
"The amount of tension that is produced by a muscle as a feature of its length" When the length of the "frog" sartorius mucscle increased the maximum tnesion increased aswell (untill it reached a certain length. then the tension dropped back down to 0).
63
How did we demonstrate muscle fatigue in lab?
Someone held the "Dynamometer" with the wrist in nuetral position and apply max grip strength for up to 1 minute. Measurement were taken every 5 seconds
64
Why is pH important for enzymes working properly?
Because an optimum pH helps the enzyme bind to the substrate, allowing for the breakdown of the protein, carbohydrate etc...
65
What is CONCENTRIC in terms of muscle?
If a muscle is getting shorter while it is contracting. (eg) bicep curl (lifting the weight up until your elbow is at 90 degrees
66
What is ECCENTRIC in terms of muscle?
If a muscle is getting longer even though it is contracting. (eg) bicep curl down (bringing the weight back down until your arm is straight again
67
What is ISOMETRIC in terms of muscle?
When tension is exerted by a muscle even without changes in its length. (eg) holding a squat position
68
True or false; a person with type A+ blood has anti-B antibodies in their plasma?
True
69
True or false; a person with O+ blood can receive blood from a person with B+ blood?
False
70
What is EMG?
Electromyography. Contractions of muscle fibers is caused by waves of ion movement (action potential). The analysis of electrical signals caused by ion movements and results in a recording called an electromyogram.
71
True or false: someone with type B- blood can receive blood from someone with type B+ blood?
False
72
How did the mean integrated EMG change in relation to an increase in weight lifted?
More weight = higher EMG Proportional relationship (eg) 2lb weight = 0.0993 mvs (low weight low result) 10lb weight = 0.296 mvs (high weight high results)
73
What is it called when the mother and her baby have incompatible blood types?
Hemolytic disease of the Newborn
74
Of these examples which one would be indicative of Hemolytic Disease of a newborn? a)Mother O+, Baby O- b)Mother O-, baby B- c)Mother B-, baby B+ d)Mother B+, baby O-
C) Mother B-, baby B+
75
What is hematocrit?
The volume percentage of red blood cells.
76
If a column of of packed red blood cells measures 20mm and the whole blood column measures 50mm what is the hematocrit of this individual?
20/50=0.4 (0.4 x 100)= 40% hematocrit= 40%
77
When a sample is spun in the centrifuge it separates into a red portion, a "Buffy coat" and a clear-ish portion. What makes up the Buffy coat? what makes up the clear-ish portion?
Buffy coat is makeup of Leukocytes clear portion is made up of plasma
78
How do you calculate Mean Corpuscular Volume
Hematocrit% x 10/ RBC count (millions/mm3) ex: 42% x 10 5.7RBC/mm3 =73fL
79
How do you calculate Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
MCH= Hb(g/dL) x10 divided by RBC count (millions/mm3) ex. 14 x 10 / 5.8 MCH= 24pg

Human physiology 151 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions