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Human physiology 151 > Lab midterm #1 > Flashcards

Lab midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 steps to the scientific method?

A

1) Observation
2) Generating a Hypothesis
3) Testing the Hypothesis (experiments)
4) Presentation and analysis of data
5) Conclusion

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2
Q

What is an Independent variable and where does it go on a graph?

A

The thing that gets changed in a experiment.

goes on the x axis

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3
Q

What is the Dependent variable and where does it go on a graph?

A

Whats getting measured.

goes on the y axis

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4
Q

What are controlled variable?

A

Variables that are kept the same (age, time, type of plant)

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5
Q

What are control groups?

A

Groups in the experiment in which the independent variable is not manipulated.

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6
Q

When are line graphs used?

A

For continuous data (increase or growth over time)

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7
Q

When are bar graphs used?

A

Presents categorical data (numbers of nests in different study areas)

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8
Q

What is crenation?

A

The contractions of or formation of abnormal notchings around the edges of a cell after being exposed to a hypertonic solution.

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9
Q

What is lysis?

A

The disintegration or rupture of a cell. Due to being exposed in a Hypotonic solution. That shit breaks

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10
Q

What is Brownian motion?

A

The random motion of particles suspended in a solution

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11
Q

What are the 2 divisions the PNS is divided into?

A

1) Autonomic Nervous system

2) Somatic Nervous system

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12
Q

List the 12 cranial nerves in order

A

Olfactory I
Optic II
Oculomotor III
Trochlear IV
Trigeminal V
Abducens VI
Facial VII
Vestibulocochlear VIII
Glossopharyngeal IX
Vagus X
Accessory XI
Hypoglossal XII

***Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final Very Good Vacations Are Had

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13
Q

Explain Myopia?

A

Nearsightedness: Where near objects appear clear and far objects appear blurry. Caused by the eyeball being too oval or the cornea being too curved.

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14
Q

explain emmetropia?

A

An eye with no refractive or visual defects. People with 20/20 vision.

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15
Q

Explain hyperopia?

A

Farsightedness: Where far objects appear clear but near objects appear blurry. Caused by an overly flattened lens or cornea that doesn’t bend light effectively at close range.

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16
Q

Describe the readings of these Snellen eye chart numbers.

A

20/20:”Normal”

20/100: You see at 20ft what someone with normal vision can see 100ft away

20/15: You can see at 20ft what someone with Normal vision can see 15ft away

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17
Q

What is Protanopia?

A

Colour blindness to Red ( red cones are absent in the eye leaving only blue and green light to be absorbed)

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18
Q

What is deuteropia?

A

Colour blindness to green (green cones are absent, leaving only blue and red functional.)

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19
Q

What does “Afferent” and “Efferent” neurons mean in regards to the nervous system?

A

Afferent: Sensory. Carry information from sensory receptors towards the CNS

Efferent: Motor. Carry motor information away from the CNS to muscles and glands and the body in order to initiate an action

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20
Q

Is the Somatic Division voluntary or involuntary and what effectors does it target?

A

Voluntary.
It targets Skeletal muscle

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21
Q

Is the Autonomic division voluntary or involuntary and what effectors does it target?

A

Involuntary.
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and some glands.

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22
Q

What is the sympathetic division?

A

“Fight or flight”

-responds to dangerous or stressful stimuli.

-Increases heart rate, which delivers more blood to areas that need to have higher oxygen.

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23
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the Autonomic system?

A

Sympathetic (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

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24
Q

What is the parasympathetic division?

A

“Rest and digest”

-Relax and reduce your bodies activities
-Slows your heart rate and breathing rate, lowers blood pressure and promotes digestion.

-relaxation leads to recovery.

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25
Q

What does the Somatic division do?

A

It connects the CNS to our skeletal muscle to perform our daily functions

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26
Q

Does your heart rate increase or decrease in a sympathetic response?

A

Increase

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27
Q

Does your heart rate increase or decrease in a parasympathetic response?

A

Normal or decreased

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28
Q

How do you calculate the percentage change in heart rate?

A

% = new heart rate - initial heart rate/ initial heart rate X 100

(eg) 80.76 - 88.13/ 88.13 X 100 = -8.36% change

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29
Q

Explain Brownian motion in simple terms.

A

Random Movement displayed in small particles suspended in fluid. From areas of High concentration to low concentration.

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30
Q

How was Brownian motion represented in lab?

A

Using glass particles in the solution we observed that the smallest particles would move freely, colliding with each other in random. The large particles could be observed to be stable and unmoving.

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31
Q

mean=?

A

average. add it all up the divide by n

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32
Q

How do you calculate % change for data.

A

2nd data set - 1st data set/ 1st data set x 100

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33
Q

What were the 4 reflex tests done in the lab?

A

1) Patellar reflex (knee jerk) (SOMATIC)

2) Achilles reflex (ankle jerk response) (SOMATIC)

3) Plantar reflex (SOMATIC)

4) Pupillary reflex (AUTONOMIC)

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34
Q

What happened in the Patellar reflex?

A

You sit on a bench with one leg crossed over the other. Tap the patellar ligament sharply with the reflex hammer.

*caused knee Extension

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35
Q

What is meant by dehydration synthesis?

A

The creation of a larger molecule from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released.

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36
Q

What happened in the Achilles reflex?

A

sit on a chair with your leg hanging and raise your toes food slightly (dorsiflexion) to increase the tension on the gastrocnemius muscle. then tap the back of your heal on the calcaneal tedon with the flat part of the hammer.
/foot point down towards the ground)

  • causes planter flexion (toes
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37
Q

What happened in the Patellar reflex?

A

You sit on a bench with one leg crossed over the other. Tap the patellar ligament sharply with the reflex hammer.

*caused knee Extension

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38
Q

What happened in the plantar reflex?

A

lay on your side with your knees slightly pent. use the handle or the hammer to draw on the lateral sides of the soles of your feet.

*caused toes to curl

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39
Q

What is the function of the olfactory I nerve?

A

Enables your sense of smell

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40
Q

What is the function of the optic II nerve?

A

Enables your sense of sight

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41
Q

What is the function of the oculomotor III nerve?

A

Adjust and coordinate the position of the eye during eye movement

42
Q

What is the function of the Trochlear IV nerve?

A

Enables movement in the eyes superior oblique muscle.

**allows us to look down or at our nose

43
Q

What is meant by “dominance” in normal binocular vision?

A

The dominant eye is one primarily relied on for precise positional information.

44
Q

What is the function of the Abducens VI nerve?

A

Controls the muscles that produce lateral eye movement

45
Q

What is the function of the Trigeminal V nerve?

A

Sensory of the face. Pain, touch pressure, temperature,

46
Q

What is the function of the Facial VII nerve?

A

Responsible for facial expression. smiling and shit.

*also taste and salivary glands

47
Q

What is the function of the Vestibulochoclear VIII nerve?

A

Balance and equilibrium

Also hearing too. sending auditory signals in the inner ear to the cochlea.

48
Q

What is the function of the Glossopharyngeal IX nerve?

A

Enables swallowing

Elevates the pharynx and larynx

49
Q

What is the function of the Vagus X nerve?

A

Controls things like digestion, heart rate, immune system, respiration.

Also things like sneezing, coughing, puking, swallowing

50
Q

What is the function of the Accessory XI nerve?

A

Controls the movement of certain neck muscles.

Head neck and shoulder movements

**also swallowing. apparently every fucking nerve does something with swallowing

51
Q

What is the function of the Hypoglossal XII

A

Enables tongue movement

Help you speak and swallow and move stuff around in your mouth

52
Q

Which nerve is being tested when you wrinkle your forehead, close eyes forcefully, smile and whistle?

A

Facial VII

53
Q

Which nerve is being tested when you gaze at a distant point?

A

Oculomotor III ?????idk why this isnt optic

54
Q

Which nerve is being tested when you smell something?

A

Olfactory I

55
Q

Which nerve is being tested when you look downwards without changing the position of the your head?

A

Trochlear IV

56
Q

Which nerve is being tested when you look to the side without changing the position of your head?

A

Abducens VI

57
Q

Which nerve is being tested when you stick your tongue out and wiggle it from side to side?

A

Hypoglossal XII

58
Q

Which nerve is being tested when you close your eyes and lightly whisk a piece of dry cotton over the mandibular, maxillary and ocular areas of the face?

A

Trigeminal V

59
Q

Which nerve is being tested when you close your eyes and you snap your fingers 1 meter away from the left or right side of the head

A

Vestibulocochlear VIII

60
Q

WHich nerve is being tested when you cover your right eye and look at your right eye with your left eye while someone is standing a meter away wiggling a finger at your face?

A

Optic II

61
Q

Which nerve is being tested when you put something on the back of your tongue and taste it?

A

Glossopharyngeal IX

62
Q

Which nerve is being tested when you place your hands on someones shoulders and ask them to raise them against your resistance?

A

Accessory XI

63
Q

Which nerve is being tested when you gag on something…?

A

Vagus X

but apparently alot of other nerves are part of this aswell.

64
Q

What is meant by stereopsis in binocular vision?

A

The ability to derive how far away objects solely based on the relative positions of the object in the two eyes.

65
Q

Distinguish between conduction deafness and nerve deafness.

A

Conductive deafness is caused by an obstruction or damage to the middle or outer ear.

nerve deafness is caused by damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve itself.

66
Q

How did we test for conduction deafness and nerve deafness in lab?

A

By striking a tuning fork, the open end was placed near the outer ear to test for sound reception. The handle was then placed behind the auricle of the ear to test the vibrational reception.

67
Q

How did we test for peripheral vision in lab?

A

Using stylish head gear, we clipped images to the side and slowly moved them towards the centre. From there the participant had to decipher when they could see the colour & shape of the object until the image became clear. Was measured with a protractor to distinguish the angle to which they could see the image.

68
Q

Why is it harder to balance with your eyes closed?

A

Visual input is the primary source of information to gauge our surroundings. Remove that primary source and balance becomes much more difficult.

69
Q

What’s the difference between pain threshold and pain tolerance?

A

Threshold is the minimum intensity at which a person begins to perceive, or sense a stimulus as being painful.

Tolerance is the maximum amount or level of pain a person can tolerate or bear.

70
Q

What is the typical AP pattern of a contractile cell?

A

Depolarization, early repolarization, plateau, final repolarization

71
Q

What is the relaxation period preceding the P wave called?

A

Atrioventricular diastole

72
Q

When does the largest amplitude occur during the wave patterns?

A

QRS complex

73
Q

Definition: Mean

A

Sum of all values / sample size

74
Q

Definition: Median

A

Middle value (if even sample size, two medians can be taken)

75
Q

Definition: Mode

A

Most frequently occurring value (there can be more than one)

76
Q

How is HR in bpm found?

A

60s/length of cardiac cycle in seconds

60s/R-R time

77
Q

How do you find your maximum HR?

A

220 - age

78
Q

Ight. Step by step (5 steps) tell me how ECG relates the the contractions of the heart?

A

1) SA node and Atrial activity begin (ECG TRACING) 60-100 AP

2) Stimulus spreads across atria to AV node (P waves, atrial depolarization)

3) 100 msec delay at AV node (Atrial contractions start) (P-R interval, conduction through AV node and AV bundle)

4) Impulse travels up the interventricular septum/Av bundle/bundle branches/ purkinje fibers to the papillary muscle of the right ventricle. (Q wave, beginning of ventricular depolarixation)

5) Purkinje fibers distribute impluses and relay them though the ventricular myocardium. (Attrial contractions end and ventricular contractions begin) (QRS complex, completion of ventricular depolarization)

79
Q

Describe the dive reflex.

A

An innate physiological response when the body or head is being submerged under water for a period of time. Initially the body reacts to the water temperature, which may increase heart rate, but after adaptation has occurred the respiratory and Cardiac systems slow down in order to preserve the most oxygen for the brain and heart while skeletal muscles and other non essential organs do not receive oxygen.

80
Q

What is happening for the S3 and S4 heart sounds?

A

*very faint, seldom audible

S3- blood flowing into the ventricles

S4- Atrial contraction

81
Q

What does SV, EDV and ESV stand for?

A

SV - Stroke volume

EDV - End-diastolic volume

ESV - End-systolic volume

SV = EDV - ESV

82
Q

Normal SV at rest is?

A

70-80 mL
*the volume ejected by each ventricle per “beat”

83
Q

What do P waves measure on an ECG?

A

The depolarization of the Atria

84
Q

What do QRS waves measure on an ECG

A

The depolarization of the ventricles

**(and repolarization of the Atria)

85
Q

What is systole?

A

The contraction of the chambers (ventricles) to pump/ eject blood out into the arteries

86
Q

What is diastole?

A

Heart relaxing after contraction allowing chambers to fill with blood.

87
Q

What is atrial systole?

A
  • Atrias are contracting
  • This creates higher pressure in the atria to push (a little more) blood into the ventricles

**Atrial systole ends and Atrial diastole begins

88
Q

What is ventricular systole?

A
  • Ventricles are contracting
  • Pressure in ventricles stars to rise, (closes AV valves. * no blood flow out yet because the semilunar valves are still closed

**(called ISOVOLUMETRIC CONTRACTION)

  • Pressure in the ventricles eventually exceeds that of the aorta/arteries, and the semilunar valves open and blood rushes out into the arteries.

**(ventricles have reached the peak of their contractions and begin to relax. End of systole and beginning of Diastole)

89
Q

What is Ventricular Diastole?

A
  • Pressure in the ventricles drops and they enter a period of “ISOVOLUMETRIC RELAXATION” (no blood flow in or out)
  • Ventricles relax even more and the pressure has now decreased enough to allow the AV valve to open (blood from the atria can now pass ito the ventricles (passively)
90
Q

P wave

A

electrical activity that acompanies DEPOLARIZATION OF THE ATRIA

midway through the p wave is when atriole systole begins

91
Q

P-R segment

A

Impulses spread through the AV node and the AV bundle into the left and right bundle branches or the cardiac conducting pathway

92
Q

what is the combination of the P wave and the P-R segment?

A

PR interval

93
Q

QRS complex

A

Largest amplitude of the wave patterns.

94
Q

Q portion of the QRS

A

the time when the interventricular septum begins to undergo depolarization

95
Q

R & S of the QRS

A

Late ventricular depolarization

96
Q

S-T segment

A

Ventricles are contracting while the ventricular cells are in their “plateau” phase of the AP

97
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

98
Q

QT interval

A

(begining of Q wave to the end of T wave)

99
Q

T-P time

A

the time between the end of one T wave and the start of the next P wave

100
Q

R-R

A

from one R to the following R

= 1 cardiac cycle

Human physiology 151 (5 decks)

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