lab midterm Flashcards
how is epithelial tissue classified and what are the different classifications?
- Number of layers
* Simple = tissue that occurs in 1 layer
* Stratified = tissue that occurs in multiple layers
* Pseudostratified = a single layer of cells that appears stratified because nucleus appears in different positions within columnar cells - Shape of cells
* Squamous = thin, flat cells
* Cuboidal = cube-shaped cells
* Columnar = cells resembling rectangular pillars or columns
review the pictures for this on the first slide of review slides
what are 5 functions of connective tissue and what are the characteristics? (dont need to know the characteristics though he said)
functions:
1. binds organs together
2. provides support and protection
3. fills spaces
4. produces and transports blood cells
5. stores fat
characteristics:
- cells are not as close together as epithelial cells
- cells are suspended in noncellular extracellular matrix (ECM)
- ECM contains ground substance and fibers
- Ground substance varies in consistency from solid to jellylike to fluid
- Fibers consist of fibrous proteins that provide the binding properties
within tissue and between organs - Collagen fibers = thick fibers that appear white; contain collagen
- Provides flexibility and strength
- Reticular fibers = very thin collagen fibers that are highly branched
- Elastic fibers = contain elastin, a protein that is elastic and appears yellowish
4 main types of tissue in the body
epithelial tissue: protective covering of the body, lining of organs & cavities
connective tissue: provides support and structure to the body, includes various types such as bone, cartilage, adipose (fat), and blood “glue”
muscle tissue: responsible for movement, 3 types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac (skeletal is the only voluntary one), smooth is found in organs like intestines, while cardiac is in the heart
nervous tissue: made of nerve cells called neurons & support cells called glial cells, responsible for transmitting & processing info in the body, including sensations, thoughts, and movements
muscular tissue
- composed of cells called muscle fibers (cells)
- bundles of these contractile filaments called myofibrils occur within a single muscle fiber (cell)
3 types:
- skeletal: voluntary movement
- smooth: involuntary, lining of organs
- cardiac: involuntary, lining of heart
difference between male and female fetal pig
females: immediately anterior to anus is the vulva (urogenital opening) with an opening to vagina and urethra
males: loose skin immediately posterior to anus = outer wall of scrotum, posterior to umbilical cord is the distal end of penis
basically males have that little hole under the umbilical cord and a little pouch under their butts for the scrotum sac
list the first 4 steps to prepare for the pig dissection
- with gloves on, remove pic from its bag and lay pig on dissecting tray, keep some fluid and discard the rest in the designated white container under the hood
- place pig ventral surface up (supine) on dissecting tray
- identify gender of pig by examining external genitals
- prepare a label for your pig with names of your group members and gender of pig
list the order of organs for the digestive tract and a quick summary of their function
- mouth: chews food, digests carbohydrates
- esophagus: transports food to stomach
- stomach: churns food to liquid, digests protein
- duodenum (small intestine): digests carbs, proteins, and lipids
- jejuno-ileum (final part of the small intestine): digestion continues, food is absorbed
- colon (large intestine): water is reabsorbed
- rectum (end of large intestine where the poop sits): water is reabsorbed, waste carried to outside
glottis, epiglottis, diaphragm, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and cecum functions
glottis: vocal fold of the larynx
epiglottis: protective flap over larynx
diaphragm: separates lungs and stomach
liver: bile production, purify blood nutrients
gallbladder: stores and releases bile
pancreas: produces pancreatic juice and glucose hormones
spleen: purifies blood, disposes of red blood cells
cecum: absorption (large intestine beginning)
make sure you know how to label!!!
okay !!!
pathway of the urinary system through each organ and the function of that organ
- kidney: produce urine, regulate blood water/salt/pH levels
- ureter: transfer urine from kidney to bladder
- bladder: store urine until time of extraction
- urethra: excrete urine from bladder to external environment
other:
peritoneum: kidney membrane full of blood vessels and nerves; connect to rest of body
nephrons: microtubules in the renal cortex and medulla that produce urine after filtering blood
adrenal gland: secretes hormones adrenaline and cortisol; regulate blood pressure and stress response
part of the male reproductive system and the pathway of sperm
- testis: produces sperm and sex hormones
- epididymis: stores sperm as they mature
- vas deferens: conducts and stores sperm
- seminal vesicle: contributes secretions to semen
- prostate gland: contributes secretions to semen
- urethra: conducts sperm
- bulbourethral glands: contributes secretions to semen
- penis: organ of copulation
difference in human male vs fetal pig reproductive system
human male - penis hangs in front of scrotum
fetal pig - penis is underneath the ventral skin surface, posterior to the umbilical cord (duh bc it not even born yet)
female reproductive system organs
ovary: produces egg and sex hormones
oviduct (fallopian tubes): conducts egg towards uterus
uterus: houses developing fetus
vagina receives penis during copulation and serves as birth canal
difference between human female and fetal pig reproductive system
- oviducts: in human, each oviduct (fallopian tube) leads to upper portion of uterus, whereas each leads to a uterine horn in pig
- uterus: in human, no uterine horns while pigs have 2 uterine horns
- urogenital sinus: human vagina opens separately, whereas vagina and urethra enter urogenital sinus
blood vessels that contain high & low pressure
high: aorta and pulmonary artery
low: vena cava, pulmonary veins
basically arteries have higher pressure due to the fact that they are freshly blooded and so they got that JUICEEE
