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Epidemiology, Biostats, Genetics > Lab Methods > Flashcards

Lab Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Y-axis of Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve

A

Sensitivity

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2
Q

X-axis of Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve

A

False positive rate (1 - specificity)

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3
Q

Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve is a plot of these values

A

Likelihood ratios

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4
Q

Type of reference range that uses a Gaussian distribution and +/- 2 standard deviations from the mean

A

Default reference range

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5
Q

Type of reference range where the values may lie on a Gaussian distribution, but many values within the central 95% are not desirable
Uses recommendations based on research and clinical experience to establish “desired values”

A

Prognosis/treatment derived range

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6
Q

Cholesterol and blood pressure use this type of reference range

A

Prognosis/treatment derived range

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7
Q

Type of reference range that determines a value that, when exceeded, indicates disease
For metabolites that are not normally found in the blood

A

Threshold value

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8
Q

Cardiac markers and drugs of abuse screens utilize this type of reference range

A

threshold value

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9
Q

Type of reference range that establishes a “therapeutic window” for drug levels
Established by experimentation and clinical data to maximize drug effectiveness and minimize toxicity

A

Therapeutic drug range

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10
Q

Screening tests often intentionally have a high false _____ rate

A

False positive
goal is to capture all possible disease

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11
Q

Which has a high specificity: screening or confirmatory tests?

A

Confirmatory test

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12
Q

Which has a high sensitivity: screening or confirmatory tests?

A

Screening test

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13
Q

formula that links test accuracy with likelihood of disease (pre-test probability) to determine post-test probability

A

Bayes Theorem

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14
Q

Accuracy in the Bayes Theorem refers to these 2 values

A

Sensitivity and specificity

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15
Q

Likelihood / pre-test probability in the Bayes Theorem refers to this value

A

Prevalence

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16
Q

When ordering tests, you should select order tests first with lower to higher _____?

A

Specificity

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17
Q

Most common type of lab test errors

A

Pre-analytical

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18
Q

Least common type of lab test errors

A

Analytical

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19
Q

Second most common type of lab test errors

A

Post-analytical

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20
Q

2 interfering substances in spectrophotometry

A

Bilirubin and lipids

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21
Q

Source of error in ELISA and Latex Agglutination where Analyte concentration is so high that it binds all sites on both capture Ab and Detector Ab
Gives falsely low measurement

A

Hook Effect

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22
Q

Anti-animal antibodies in the patient during an ELISA gives falsely high or low measurement?

A

High

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23
Q

Hook effect in ELISA gives falsely high or low measurement?

A

Low

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23
Q

Clinical laboratory test where presence of analyte results in clumping of Ab coated beads
Detected as a change in turbidity

A

Latex Agglutination

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24
Q

Clinical lab test used for drug detection/measurement, cells (blood types), serologic tests

A

Latex Agglutination

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25
Q

Tissue sampling technique: examining cells or cell clusters which are largely detached from supporting tissue

A

Cytology

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26
Q

Type of cytology involving sampling cells which are detached from a surface

A

Exfoliative cytology

27
Q

Pleural fluid aspiration, pap test, bronchoalveolar lavage, and bile duct brushing are examples of this tissue sampling technique

A

Exfoliative cytology

28
Q

Analyzing Lung mass via EBUS, thyroid mass via palpation or ultrasound, pancreas mass via EUS involves this tissue sampling technique

A

Fine-needle aspriation

29
Q

Fine-needle aspiration is a subtype of this tissue sampling technique

A

Cytology

30
Q

Tissue sampling technique: sampling a portion of a lesion; removing entire lesion with limited tissue amount (e.g. skin)

A

Biopsy

31
Q

Type of biopsy where a cylindrical portion of tissue is removed

A

Core biopsy

32
Q

Type of biopsy where part of a lesion is surgically sampled

A

Incisional biopsy

33
Q

Type of biospy where the entire lesion is removed, but not entire organ/region

A

Excisional biopsy

34
Q

Type of biopsy where forceps/pincer tool removes small portion of mucosal surface

A

Endoscopic biopsy

35
Q

Tissue sampling technique: removing entire organ, region of organ, or groups of organ
Usually done with curative intent
Ex: hemicolectomy, mastectomy, lumpectomy

A

Resection

36
Q

4 steps in surgical pathology tissue sample processing for histological examination

A
  1. Formalin fixative (cross links proteins and stabilizes tissues)
  2. Ethanol dehydration
  3. Xylene
  4. Paraffin wax (allows for preservation and thin slicing)
37
Q

Step in tissue sample processing for histological examination that cross links proteins and stabilizes tissue

A

Formalin fixative

38
Q

Used in tissue sample processing for histological examination for dehydration step

A

Ethanol

39
Q

Histochemical stain that stains acidic tissues, is eosinophilic, and appears pink/orange

A

Eosin

40
Q

Color of eosin stain

A

Pink/orange

41
Q

Eosin stains this type of tissues

A

Acidic

42
Q

Smooth muscle and collagen are stained by this in H&E stains

A

Eosin

43
Q

Blue stain that stains basic tissues; is basophilic

A

Hematoxylin

44
Q

Hematoxylin stain is this color

A

Blue

45
Q

Nuclei are stained by this in an H&E stain

A

Hematoxylin
Are basophilic

46
Q

Compound that is blue on trichrome stain

A

Collagen

47
Q

Collagen is this color on trichrome stain

A

Blue

48
Q

Collagen is blue on this stain

A

Trichrome stain

49
Q

Elastin stains this color on elastic stain

A

Black

50
Q

Smooth muscle, collagen, and elastic are basophilic or eosinophilic?

A

Eosinophilic

51
Q

Mucus is stained by this

A

PAS

52
Q

Amyloid is stained with this

A

Congo red

53
Q

Fungus are stained by this

A

PAS

54
Q

PAS stains these

A

Glycated proteins, mucus, fungi

55
Q

AFB stain these

A

Mycobacteria

56
Q

Marker of epithelial differentiation

A

Cytokeratin

57
Q

Cytokeratin is a marker of this

A

Epithelium

58
Q

Carcinoma is this type of malignancy

A

Epithelial
(so all is keratin positive)

59
Q

Stains nervous, adipose, chondrocytes (cartilage), melanocytic

A

S100

60
Q

S100 stains these types of tissue

A

Nervous, adipose, chondrocytes (cartilage)

61
Q

Desmin stains this

A

Muscle

62
Q

Muscle is stained by this

A

Desmin

63
Q

Marker of glial differentiation

A

GFAP

64
Q

Marker of hematologic differentiation

A

CD45

Epidemiology, Biostats, Genetics (7 decks)

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