Epidemiological study design Flashcards

1
Q

Type of observational study that:
Often provide info about rare occurrences, can help identify new trends or diseases

A

Case report/series

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2
Q

Type of observational study that:
Examines relationship between exposure and disease with population-level data

A

Ecological/correlation study

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3
Q

Phenomenon where absence of individual cause and effect may lead to faulty associations

A

Ecological fallacy

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4
Q

Type of observational study that:
Examines relationship between exposure and disease prevalence in a defined population at a single point in time (“Snapshot study”)

A

Cross-sectional (prevalence survey)

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5
Q

Type of observational study that:
Compares group with disease to group without disease and looks for prior exposure or risk factor
“What happened?”

A

Case control (retrospective) studies

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6
Q

Type of observational study that:
Exposure information is collected at the start of the study and the new cases of disease are identified
“Watch and wait”
Can measure incidence

A

Cohort (longitudinal or prospective) studies

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7
Q

Observational study that is a “snapshot study”

A

Cross sectional

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8
Q

Observational study that looks at “What happened?”

A

Case-control studies

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9
Q

Observational study that is a “Watch and wait”

A

Cohort studies

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10
Q

Experimental study type that is good if effect is permanent or long-lasting

A

Randomized controlled studies

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11
Q

Experimental study type that is preferred format if effect is of short duration

A

Crossover studies

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12
Q

Subset of selection bias that arises from evaluating data on biased patients and hospital records only (not a good sample of the population)

A

Berkson bias

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13
Q

Berkson bias is a subset of this type of bias

A

Selection bias
(Arises from evaluating data on biased patients and hospital records only (not a good sample of the population))

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14
Q

Loss to follow up is a subset of this type of bias

A

Selection bias

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15
Q

Healthy worker/volunteer is a subset of this type of bias

A

Selection bias

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16
Q

Recall bias is typically associated with this type of study

A

Case control studies

17
Q

Refers to the fact that some subjects will alter their behavior when they know they are being studied

A

Hawthorne effect

18
Q

Hawthorne effect is a subset of this type of bias

A

Measurement (performing bias)
(Refers to the fact that some subjects will alter their behavior when they know they are being studied)

19
Q

Subset of performing bias where participants in different groups are not treated the same

A

Procedure bias

20
Q

Subset of performing bias where the researcher inadvertently conveys his expectations regarding his expectation of the result (“self-fulfilling prophecy”)

A

Observer-expectancy bias (Pygmalion effect)

21
Q

Recall bias, Measurement, Procedure bias, and Observer-expectancy bias are subsets of this type of bias

A

Performing bias

22
Q

Subset of interpreting results bias where association between exposure and outcome is distorted by an extraneous third variable

A

Confounding

23
Q

Subset of interpreting results bias where early detection looks like an increase in survival

24
Q

Subset of interpreting results bias where screening test identifies disproportionate number of slowly progressing diseases but misses rapidly progressing diseases

25
Study design at the top of the evidence pyramid where multiple studies summarized with selection based on predetermined criteria
Systematic review
26
Study design at the top of the evidence pyramid that pools data from several studies using statistical analysis to estimate treatment effect
Meta-analysis
27
Observational studies used when there is no comparison group available
Case report/series and ecological/correlational design
28
Observational study where exposure is known, and outcome is studied
Cohort study
29
Observational study where outcome is known, and exposure is studied
Case-control
30
Observational study where exposure and outcome are known
Cross-sectional