General epidemiology Flashcards
What are the 5 key social determinants of health?
Neighborhood and built environment
Health and healthcare
Social and community context
Education
Economic stability
Type of prevention that aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs
Primary prevention (predisease)
Vaccines are this type of prevention
Primary
Type of prevention that involves screening and providing appropriate treatment of disease that may prevent progression
Disease process has already begun, still asymptomatic
Secondary prevention
Blood pressure screening is an example of this type of prevention
Secondary prevention
Type of prevention where disease manifestations are evident
Aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects
Tertiary prevention
Type of epidemiology where all subjects have the primary disease / outcome of interest
Seeks distribution of disease: how common, person, time, place (who, where, when)
Descriptive
Type of epidemiology that is a search for cause and effect
Systematic testing of hypothesized relationships with determinants estimate magnitude of effect of factors
Key feature: use of comparison groups
Analytical
Key difference between descriptive and analytical epidemiology
Analytical uses comparison groups
Typical and constant presence or pattern of disease within a defined population/geographical area
Expected level of disease
Endemic
Greater than expected disease frequency in a defined population
Epidemic
Greater than expected disease frequency in a large defined area
Pandemic
Organism in the environment that is the transmitting agent to host
Vector
Inanimate mechanism through which the vector operates
Vehicle
Strength, consistency, specificity, temporal sequence, dose response, experimental evidence, biological plausibility, coherence, analogy represent this criteria
Bradford Hill causality criteria
Is this statement true of ratios or proportions: Numerator is a subset of the denominator
Proportions
Rate of everyone who is expected to have the disease because of possible exposure
Attack rate
Number of new cases over a specific or defined time
Incidence
Number of all cases over a specific or defined time
Prevalence
Equation for incidence rate
(# of incident cases over a defined study period) / (population at risk at the midpoint of that study period)
Number of new events per person-time
Valuable when the event of interest can occur in an individual more than once in the study period
Incidence density
Mortality rate that equals deaths per population
Crude mortality rate
Mortality rate that equals deaths from a specific cause per population
Cause-specific mortality rate
Mortality rate that equals deaths from a specific cause per number of patients with the disease
Case-fatality rate
