General epidemiology Flashcards
What are the 5 key social determinants of health?
Neighborhood and built environment
Health and healthcare
Social and community context
Education
Economic stability
Type of prevention that aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs
Primary prevention (predisease)
Vaccines are this type of prevention
Primary
Type of prevention that involves screening and providing appropriate treatment of disease that may prevent progression
Disease process has already begun, still asymptomatic
Secondary prevention
Blood pressure screening is an example of this type of prevention
Secondary prevention
Type of prevention where disease manifestations are evident
Aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects
Tertiary prevention
Type of epidemiology where all subjects have the primary disease / outcome of interest
Seeks distribution of disease: how common, person, time, place (who, where, when)
Descriptive
Type of epidemiology that is a search for cause and effect
Systematic testing of hypothesized relationships with determinants estimate magnitude of effect of factors
Key feature: use of comparison groups
Analytical
Key difference between descriptive and analytical epidemiology
Analytical uses comparison groups
Typical and constant presence or pattern of disease within a defined population/geographical area
Expected level of disease
Endemic
Greater than expected disease frequency in a defined population
Epidemic
Greater than expected disease frequency in a large defined area
Pandemic
Organism in the environment that is the transmitting agent to host
Vector
Inanimate mechanism through which the vector operates
Vehicle
Strength, consistency, specificity, temporal sequence, dose response, experimental evidence, biological plausibility, coherence, analogy represent this criteria
Bradford Hill causality criteria
Is this statement true of ratios or proportions: Numerator is a subset of the denominator
Proportions
Rate of everyone who is expected to have the disease because of possible exposure
Attack rate
Number of new cases over a specific or defined time
Incidence
Number of all cases over a specific or defined time
Prevalence
Equation for incidence rate
(# of incident cases over a defined study period) / (population at risk at the midpoint of that study period)
Number of new events per person-time
Valuable when the event of interest can occur in an individual more than once in the study period
Incidence density
Mortality rate that equals deaths per population
Crude mortality rate
Mortality rate that equals deaths from a specific cause per population
Cause-specific mortality rate
Mortality rate that equals deaths from a specific cause per number of patients with the disease
Case-fatality rate
Mortality rate that equals deaths from a specific cause per all deaths
Proportionate mortality rate (PMR)
Equation for rate of death
Annual deaths / proportion alive at midpoint in population
Equation for infant mortality rate
(# of deaths in infants <1 year of age / total # live births) x 1000
Measure of association that expresses how much more likely an exposed person is to get the disease compared to a person not exposed
Risk ratio or Relative risk
Equation for relative risk
(Risk of disease in exposed group) / (Risk of disease in unexposed group)
Relative risk greater than one indicates this type of association between exposure and disease
Increased risk of developing disease with exposure
Relative risk less than one indicates this type of association between exposure and disease
Lesser risk of developing disease with exposure
Measure of association that expresses how much more likely it is that a person with the disease had been exposed to the risk compared to a person without the disease
Odds ratio
Equation for absolute risk
Risk (exposed) / Risk (population)
Equation for attributable risk
Risk (exposed) - risk (not exposed)
Type of risk that is simply the incidence of disease
Absolute risk
Risk that expresses the proportion of disease attributed to the exposure
Attributable risk
Equation for relative risk reduction
RRR = 1 - RR (relative risk)
Equation for absolute risk reduction
ARR = Risk(intervention) - Risk(control)
How to calculate prevalence from 2x2 table
with disease / total population
How to calculate risk exposed from 2x2 table
True positive / population exposed (Test positive)
How to calculate risk unexposed from 2x2 table
False negative / population unexposed (Test negative)
How to calculate odds ratio from 2x2 table
OR = ad / bc
Odds ratio >1 indicates this association between exposure and disease
Exposure is positively associated with disease
Estimates chances that an event occurs with treatment vs non-treatment
Calculated by: Odds diseased person exposed / odds non diseased person exposed
Hazard ratio
