General epidemiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 key social determinants of health?

A

Neighborhood and built environment
Health and healthcare
Social and community context
Education
Economic stability

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2
Q

Type of prevention that aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs

A

Primary prevention (predisease)

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3
Q

Vaccines are this type of prevention

A

Primary

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4
Q

Type of prevention that involves screening and providing appropriate treatment of disease that may prevent progression
Disease process has already begun, still asymptomatic

A

Secondary prevention

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5
Q

Blood pressure screening is an example of this type of prevention

A

Secondary prevention

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6
Q

Type of prevention where disease manifestations are evident
Aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects

A

Tertiary prevention

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7
Q

Type of epidemiology where all subjects have the primary disease / outcome of interest
Seeks distribution of disease: how common, person, time, place (who, where, when)

A

Descriptive

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8
Q

Type of epidemiology that is a search for cause and effect
Systematic testing of hypothesized relationships with determinants estimate magnitude of effect of factors
Key feature: use of comparison groups

A

Analytical

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9
Q

Key difference between descriptive and analytical epidemiology

A

Analytical uses comparison groups

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10
Q

Typical and constant presence or pattern of disease within a defined population/geographical area
Expected level of disease

A

Endemic

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11
Q

Greater than expected disease frequency in a defined population

A

Epidemic

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12
Q

Greater than expected disease frequency in a large defined area

A

Pandemic

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13
Q

Organism in the environment that is the transmitting agent to host

A

Vector

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14
Q

Inanimate mechanism through which the vector operates

A

Vehicle

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15
Q

Strength, consistency, specificity, temporal sequence, dose response, experimental evidence, biological plausibility, coherence, analogy represent this criteria

A

Bradford Hill causality criteria

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16
Q

Is this statement true of ratios or proportions: Numerator is a subset of the denominator

A

Proportions

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17
Q

Rate of everyone who is expected to have the disease because of possible exposure

A

Attack rate

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18
Q

Number of new cases over a specific or defined time

A

Incidence

19
Q

Number of all cases over a specific or defined time

A

Prevalence

20
Q

Equation for incidence rate

A

(# of incident cases over a defined study period) / (population at risk at the midpoint of that study period)

21
Q

Number of new events per person-time
Valuable when the event of interest can occur in an individual more than once in the study period

A

Incidence density

22
Q

Mortality rate that equals deaths per population

A

Crude mortality rate

23
Q

Mortality rate that equals deaths from a specific cause per population

A

Cause-specific mortality rate

24
Q

Mortality rate that equals deaths from a specific cause per number of patients with the disease

A

Case-fatality rate

25
Q

Mortality rate that equals deaths from a specific cause per all deaths

A

Proportionate mortality rate (PMR)

26
Q

Equation for rate of death

A

Annual deaths / proportion alive at midpoint in population

27
Q

Equation for infant mortality rate

A

(# of deaths in infants <1 year of age / total # live births) x 1000

28
Q

Measure of association that expresses how much more likely an exposed person is to get the disease compared to a person not exposed

A

Risk ratio or Relative risk

29
Q

Equation for relative risk

A

(Risk of disease in exposed group) / (Risk of disease in unexposed group)

30
Q

Relative risk greater than one indicates this type of association between exposure and disease

A

Increased risk of developing disease with exposure

31
Q

Relative risk less than one indicates this type of association between exposure and disease

A

Lesser risk of developing disease with exposure

32
Q

Measure of association that expresses how much more likely it is that a person with the disease had been exposed to the risk compared to a person without the disease

A

Odds ratio

33
Q

Equation for absolute risk

A

Risk (exposed) / Risk (population)

34
Q

Equation for attributable risk

A

Risk (exposed) - risk (not exposed)

35
Q

Type of risk that is simply the incidence of disease

A

Absolute risk

36
Q

Risk that expresses the proportion of disease attributed to the exposure

A

Attributable risk

37
Q

Equation for relative risk reduction

A

RRR = 1 - RR (relative risk)

38
Q

Equation for absolute risk reduction

A

ARR = Risk(intervention) - Risk(control)

39
Q

How to calculate prevalence from 2x2 table

A

with disease / total population

40
Q

How to calculate risk exposed from 2x2 table

A

True positive / population exposed (Test positive)

41
Q

How to calculate risk unexposed from 2x2 table

A

False negative / population unexposed (Test negative)

42
Q

How to calculate odds ratio from 2x2 table

A

OR = ad / bc

43
Q

Odds ratio >1 indicates this association between exposure and disease

A

Exposure is positively associated with disease

44
Q

Estimates chances that an event occurs with treatment vs non-treatment
Calculated by: Odds diseased person exposed / odds non diseased person exposed

A

Hazard ratio