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Geology > Lab final review > Flashcards

Lab final review Flashcards

1
Q

___ is the volume of voids or open space in a rock or unconsolidated material.

Permeability

Space yield

Porosity

Saturation index

A

porosity

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2
Q

_____controls the ease (or difficulty) of groundwater transmission through a porous material.

Potability

Portability

Pernneosity

Permeability

A

permeability

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3
Q

1:24000 - represents same unit of measurement on the map 1 in = 24,000 mi: a fraction

ratio scale

verbal scale

A

ratio scale

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4
Q

1 inch = 2000 feet; written in sentence format

ratio scale

verbal scale

A

verbal scale

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5
Q

connect all points of equal elevation on the land surface

contour interval

contour lines

longitude grid lines

latitude grid lines

A

contour lines

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6
Q

the difference in elevation between adjacent contour lines

contour interval

contour lines

longitude grid lines

latitude grid lines

A

contour interval

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7
Q

Which grid lines on a standard map are the vertical lines?

contour interval

contour lines

longitude grid lines

latitude grid lines

A

longitude grid lines

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8
Q

Which grid lines on a standard map are the horizontal lines?

contour interval

contour lines

longitude grid lines

latitude grid lines

A

latitude grid lines

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9
Q

The hatched contour lines show

a depression in the elevation.
are steep slopes while
have a gentle slope
has the highest elevation

A

a depression in the elevation.

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10
Q

Close spaced contour lines

a depression in the elevation.
are steep slopes while
have a gentle slope
has the highest elevation

A

are steep slopes while

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11
Q

Contour lines that are far apart

a depression in the elevation.
are steep slopes while
have a gentle slope
has the highest elevation

A

have a gentle slope

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12
Q

The inner contour line

a depression in the elevation.
are steep slopes while
have a gentle slope
has the highest elevation

A

has the highest elevation

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13
Q

At a __________ plate boundary new crust is created as two or more plates pull away from each other.

divergent
transform
convergent

A

divergent

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14
Q

A __________ boundary occurs when two tectonic plates slide past each other.

divergent
transform
convergent

A

transform

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15
Q

A __________ boundary occurs when two tectonic plates collide into each other.

divergent
transform
convergent

A

convergent

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16
Q

Areas where plates move toward each other and collide, causing uplift.

convergent plate boundaries
divergent plate boundaries
transform plate boundaries
subduction zone

A

convergent plate boundaries

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17
Q

Areas where plates move away from each other, forming either mid oceanic ridges or rift valleys.

convergent plate boundaries
divergent plate boundaries
transform plate boundaries
subduction zone

A

divergent plate boundaries

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18
Q

Areas where two plates grind past each other resulting in faults such as the San Andreas Fault. Earthquakes often occur at fault lines.

convergent plate boundaries
divergent plate boundaries
transform plate boundaries
subduction zone

A

transform plate boundaries

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19
Q

A __________ __________ is a convergent boundary where an oceanic plate is pushed beneath a continental plate forming a trench. The oceanic crust melts resulting in the formation of volcanoes.

convergent plate boundaries
divergent plate boundaries
transform plate boundaries
subduction zone

A

subduction zone

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20
Q

The Ring of Fire has formed a volcanic island chain in the Pacific Ocean. What has caused this to happen?

convergent plate boundary
divergent plate boundary
transform plate boundary
mantle hot spot

A

convergent plate boundary

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21
Q

The San Andreas Fault in California is a __________ plate boundary.

convergent
divergent
transform
subduction zone

A

transform

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22
Q

What two pieces of information would researchers need to have in order to calculate the rate of plate motion for seafloor spreading?

Time of sample and rift size
Distance from the rift and age of seafloor sample
Depth and rift size
Sample size and depth

A

Distance from the rift and age of seafloor sample

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23
Q

Hanging wall moves down with gravity compared to footwall.

Reverse Fault
Normal Fault
Lateral Fault

A

Normal Fault

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24
Q

Hanging wall moves up against gravity

Reverse Fault
Normal Fault
Lateral Fault

A

Reverse Fault

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25
Q

move horizontally past one another

Reverse Fault Blocks
Normal Fault Blocks
Lateral Fault Blocks

A

Lateral Fault Blocks

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26
Q

Folded mountains would most likely occur at

convergent plate boundaries
divergent plate boundaries
transform plate boundaries
subduction zone

A

A convergent boundary

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27
Q

Type of stress that causes Folding

Shearing
Compression
Tension

A

COMPRESSION

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28
Q

Type of stress causing Lateral Fault

Shearing
Compression
Tension

A

SHEARING

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29
Q

Type of stress causing Reverse Fault

Shearing
Compression
Tension

A

COMPRESSION

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30
Q

Type of stress causing Normal Fault

Shearing
Compression
Tension

A

TENSION

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31
Q

Three types of Faults

Shearing, Compression, Tension
Normal, Reverse, Lateral

A

Normal, Reverse, Lateral

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32
Q

Three Types of Stress

Normal, Reverse, Lateral
Shearing, Compression, Tension

A

Shearing, Compression, Tension

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33
Q

Brittle means

shear
hard
fragile
bends

A

Fragile

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34
Q

Ductile means

shear
hard
fragile
bends

A

Bends

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35
Q

Hot will ___ rocks
Cold will ___ rocks

Fault, fold
Fold, fault

A

fold,fault

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36
Q

Great pressure will cause rocks to ___
Little pressure will cause rocks to ___

Fault, fold
Fold, fault

A

Fold, Fault

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37
Q

Quick Stress will cause rocks to ___
Slow Stress will cause rocks to ___

Fault, fold
Fold, fault

A

Fault, Fold

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38
Q

Brittle Rock will ___
Ductile Rock will ___

Fault, fold
Fold, fault

A

Fault, Fold

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39
Q

What is a Strike-Slip Fault?

results from SHEARING force pushing rocks past each other

results from TENSION force pushing rocks past each other

results from COMPRESSION force pushing rocks past each other

A

results from SHEARING force pushing rocks past each other

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40
Q

folds in the earth’s crust that rise up like an arch

anticline
syncline
monocline 
Dip 
Strike
A

anticline

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41
Q

folds in the earth’s crust that curve up like a valley

anticline
syncline
monocline 
Dip 
Strike
A

syncline

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42
Q

folds in the earth where the sides of each layer stays flat, but the middle is bent.

anticline
syncline
monocline 
Dip 
Strike
A

monocline

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43
Q

The angle between a tilted surface and a horizontal plane

anticline
syncline
monocline 
Dip 
Strike
A

Dip

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44
Q

The compass orientation of the line of intersection between horizontal plane and a planar feature, such as a rock layer or fault

anticline
syncline
monocline 
Dip 
Strike
A

Strike

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45
Q

A map that shows the shape of the ground surface, as well as the location and elevation of surface features, usually by means of contour lines

Thomas Guide
Atlas
Street Map
Topographic map

A

Topographic map

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46
Q

A strike slip fault that appears to be moving to the left to an observer standing on either block.

Right lateral
Left lateral
Dome
Basin

A

Left lateral

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47
Q

A strike slip fault that appears to be moving to the right tune observer standing on either block.

Right lateral
Left lateral
Dome
Basin

A

Right lateral

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48
Q

The structure caused by the up warping of strata

Right lateral
Left lateral
Dome
Basin

A

Domes

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49
Q

The structure caused by the downwarping of strata

Right lateral
Left lateral
Dome
Basin

A

Basins

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50
Q

___ is used to calculate distance to earthquake

Surface waves + love waves
S - P
X+Y
Z-P

A

S - P

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51
Q

seismic waves that compress and expand the ground like an accordion

Surface waves
Love waves
S waves (secondary waves)
P waves (Primary waves)

A

P waves (Primary waves)

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52
Q

The point on the surface directly above the focus is called the _______________.

inertial point

epicenter

focus

seismic zone

A

epicenter

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53
Q

What type of data do geologists use to locate an earthquake’s epicenter?

they measure the difference between the arrival times of the Love waves and S waves.

they measure the difference between the arrival times of the P waves and Surface waves.

they measure the difference between the arrival times of the P waves and S waves

they measure the difference between the arrival times of the Love waves and Surface waves.

A

they measure the difference between the arrival times of the P waves and S waves

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54
Q

A principle holding that sedimentary rocks in a vertical sequence formed one on top of the other so that the oldest layer is at the bottom of the sequence and the youngest is at the top

Principle of Lateral Continuity
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Superposition

A

Principle of Superposition

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55
Q

A principle holding that sediments are deposited in horizontal or nearly horizontal layers

Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Faunal (Fossil) Succession
Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships

A

Principle of Original Horizontality

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56
Q

A principle holding that inclusions or fragments in a rock unit are older than the rock itself- for example, granite inclusions in a sandstone are older than the sandstone

Principle of Lateral Continuity
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Superposition

A

Principle of Inclusions

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57
Q

A principle holding that rock layers extend outward in all directions until they terminate

Principle of Lateral Continuity
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Superposition

A

Principle of Lateral Continuity

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58
Q

A principle holding that a fault or an igneous intrusion must be younger than the rocks it intrudes or cuts across

Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Faunal (Fossil) Succession
Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships

A

Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships

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59
Q

A principle holding that fossils, especially groups or assemblages of fossils, succeed one another through time in a regular and determined order

Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Faunal (Fossil) Succession
Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships

A

Principle of Faunal (Fossil) Succession

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60
Q

Radiometric Dating and Radiocarbon Dating are used to
calculate

Absolute dating
Absolute Age

A

Absolute Age

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61
Q

Comparing the percentages of a radioactive (parent) isotope and a stable (daughter) isotope.
RATIO = Parent Isotopes : Daughter Isotopes

is used in

Absolute dating
Radiocarbon dating
Radiometric Dating

A

Radiometric Dating

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62
Q

Dates organic material using the known rate of decay of Carbon-14. Useful for materials less than 45,000 years old.
Determine ratio of 14C : 12C in remains and compare to the ratio of 14C : 12 C in a living organism.
Age = Living 14C : 12C - Dead 14C : 12C

is used in

Absolute dating
Radiocarbon dating
Radiometric Dating

A

Radiocarbon dating

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63
Q

A technique used to determine the actual age of a fossil

Absolute dating
Radiocarbon dating
Radiometric Dating

A

Absolute dating

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64
Q

___ is the process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products

Absolute dating
Radiocarbon dating
Radiometric Dating

A

radiometric dating

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65
Q

___ is used to date charcoal, bones, shells

Absolute
Radiocarbon
Radiometric

A

radiocarbon

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66
Q

Define mass wasting.

Material moves freely through the air.

Down-slope movement of Earth materials under the influence of gravity.

Materials move as a cohesive unit along a well defined plane.

Tilted rocks layers (such as clay) get wet and slippery. This causes part of the hillside to give way.

A

Down-slope movement of Earth materials under the influence of gravity.

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67
Q

What are the 4 types of mass movements?

Falls, Slides, Flows, Creep
Jumps, kicks,cartwheels, wheelies

A

Falls, Slides, Flows, Creep

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68
Q

What are “falls”?

Material moves freely through the air.

Down-slope movement of Earth materials under the influence of gravity.

Materials move as a cohesive unit along a well defined plane.

Tilted rocks layers (such as clay) get wet and slippery. This causes part of the hillside to give way.

A

Material moves freely through the air. Usually steep slopes. (Example - rocks falls covering a road with large rocks)

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69
Q

What are slides?

Material moves freely through the air.

Down-slope movement of Earth materials under the influence of gravity.

Materials move as a cohesive unit along a well defined plane.

Tilted rocks layers (such as clay) get wet and slippery. This causes part of the hillside to give way.

A

Materials move as a cohesive unit along a well defined plane.

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70
Q

What causes a slide to occur?

Material moves freely through the air.

Down-slope movement of Earth materials under the influence of gravity.

Materials move as a cohesive unit along a well defined plane.

Tilted rocks layers (such as clay) get wet and slippery. This causes part of the hillside to give way.

A

Tilted rocks layers (such as clay) get wet and slippery. This causes part of the hillside to give way.

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71
Q

What is a slump?

Characterized by movement along a curved surface.

Material moving as a viscous fluid. Involves water (Mud Flow, Earth Flow, Debris Flow)

Characterized as a flow. The slow, down-slope flow of water-saturated materials in areas of permafrost.

Soil is slowly pulled down-slope due to gravity.

A

Characterized by movement along a curved surface.

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72
Q

What is a flow?

Characterized by movement along a curved surface.

Material moving as a viscous fluid. Involves water (Mud Flow, Earth Flow, Debris Flow)

Characterized as a flow. The slow, down-slope flow of water-saturated materials in areas of permafrost.

Soil is slowly pulled down-slope due to gravity.

A

Material moving as a viscous fluid. Involves water (Mud Flow, Earth Flow, Debris Flow)

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73
Q

What is solifluction? What type of mass movement is this?

Characterized by movement along a curved surface.

Material moving as a viscous fluid. Involves water (Mud Flow, Earth Flow, Debris Flow)

Characterized as a flow. The slow, down-slope flow of water-saturated materials in areas of permafrost.

Soil is slowly pulled down-slope due to gravity.

A

Characterized as a flow. The slow, down-slope flow of water-saturated materials in areas of permafrost.

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74
Q

What type of mass movement causes the most economic damage?

Falls
Slides
Flows
Creep

A

CREEP

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75
Q

What is creep? A sign would be?

Characterized by movement along a curved surface.

Material moving as a viscous fluid. Involves water (Mud Flow, Earth Flow, Debris Flow)

Characterized as a flow. The slow, down-slope flow of water-saturated materials in areas of permafrost.

Soil is slowly pulled down-slope due to gravity. Materials expand due to freezing. The materials move down slope slightly (gravity) when the particles that and contract.
Recognized by curved trees and/or angled fences

A

Soil is slowly pulled down-slope due to gravity. Materials expand due to freezing. The materials move down slope slightly (gravity) when the particles that and contract.
Recognized by curved trees and/or angled fences

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76
Q

Which one of the following is determined by the angle of repose for dry sand?

A

Inclination angle of a dune slip face .

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77
Q

What is the angle of repose for dry sand?

27 degrees
75 degrees
45 degrees
65 degrees

A

45 degrees

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78
Q

A type of ground failure characterized by nearly vertical deformation, or the downward sinking of earth materials

.Inclination
angle
Subsidence

A

Subsidence

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79
Q

What is subsidence?

movement along a curved surface.
A sinking of the ground surface.
Inclination angle of a dune slip face .

A

A sinking of the ground surface.

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80
Q

How is subsidence related to other hazards?

A

Landslides (permafrost thawing),

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81
Q

Subsidence is associated with the dissolution of what three types or rocks?

Limestone, marble, gypsum
Diamond, garnet, sedimentary
metamorphic, igneous, sedimentary

A

Limestone, marble, gypsum

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82
Q

The slope of a stream bed measured at some point along its course is the

a. base level
b. floodplain
c. stream gradient
d. thalweg

A

c. stream gradient

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83
Q

The stream gradient of most rivers

a. is greater near the source than near the mouth
b. is greater near the mouth than near the source
c. does not change significantly as the river flows downstream
d. is greater for a meandering stream than for any other type

A

a. is greater near the source than near the mouth

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84
Q

All else being equal, water will flow faster in a stream that has a

a. steep stream gradient
b. gentle stream gradient

A

a. steep stream gradient

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85
Q

What is a stream gradient?

a measure of vertical distance that a stream channel falls over a given horizontal distance. Expressed in feet/mile or meters/kilometer

the width of the stream is measured; the average depth is determined by measuring the depth of the flow at several intervals across its width; the velocity is measured with a flow meter at multiple depths. then the discharge is determined by multiplying the width x average depth x average velocity

A

a measure of vertical distance that a stream channel falls over a given horizontal distance. Expressed in feet/mile or meters/kilometer

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86
Q

Calculate stream gradient

A

Gradient = difference in elevation between points A:B(ft)/horizontal distance between points A:B(mi)

10ft/2.7mi=3.7 ft/mi

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87
Q

What is a stream discharge?

volume of water passing a fixed reference point per unit time this is a volumetric variable and is expressed cubic meters/sec or cubic feet/sec
Discharge=velocity x volume

a measure of vertical distance that a stream channel falls over a given horizontal distance. Expressed in feet/mile or meters/kilometer

A

volume of water passing a fixed reference point per unit time this is a volumetric variable and is expressed cubic meters/sec or cubic feet/sec

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88
Q

How is stream discharge or flow measured?

the width of the stream is measured; the average depth is determined by measuring the depth of the flow at several intervals across its width; the velocity is measured with a flow meter at multiple depths. then the discharge is determined by multiplying the width x average depth x average velocity D=VELOCITY X VOLUME

the volume of water moving through a channel over a given time interval (the amount passing a given point in a given amount of time) ex. Q quantity = V velocity x A cross-sectional area (ft 2)

A

the width of the stream is measured; the average depth is determined by measuring the depth of the flow at several intervals across its width; the velocity is measured with a flow meter at multiple depths. then the discharge is determined by multiplying the width x average depth x average velocity

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89
Q

How to calculate hydraulic gradient?

high to low pressure areas

the distance between two wells that penetrate the zone of saturation

A

the distance between two wells that penetrate the zone of saturation

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90
Q

Groundwater flows from __________.

high to low pressure areas
low to high pressure areas

A

high to low pressure areas

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91
Q

Which of the following is true regarding groundwater as you move deeper below the surface?

Groundwater moves over larger distances, over longer timescales

Groundwater moves over smaller distances, over smaller timescales

A

Groundwater moves over larger distances, over longer timescales

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92
Q

Groundwater migrates from areas of low pressure to areas of high pressure.

true
false

A

false

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93
Q

Which rock is best suited for radiometric dating?

pyrite
bauxite
granite
calcite

A

granite

94
Q

The Principle of ________ states that organisms succeed one another in a definite, determinable order that can be used to recognize a specific time period.

Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Faunal (Fossil) Succession
Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships

A

Fossil succession

95
Q

If a rock contains ten different kinds of fossils, which of the following must be true?

That period of time was rough
They all died within 5 years of each other
All of the organisms had to be alive when the rock was deposited.

A

All of the organisms had to be alive when the rock was deposited.

96
Q

How is the geologic time scale related to the fossil record?

The periods of the time scale were constructed based on ranges of fossil organisms.

Matching up rocks of similar age in different regions

All of the organisms had to be alive when the rock was deposited.

A

The periods of the time scale were constructed based on ranges of fossil organisms.

97
Q

What is correlation?

The periods of the time scale were constructed based on ranges of fossil organisms.

Matching up rocks of similar age in different regions

All of the organisms had to be alive when the rock was deposited.

A

Matching up rocks of similar age in different regions

98
Q

What is the definition of relative dating?

Putting events in order from first to last

Putting events in order from last to first

A

Putting events in order from first to last

99
Q

What groundwater feature forms where the water table intersects with the Earth’s surface, creating a natural outflow of groundwater?

A

spring

100
Q

The majority of groundwater is stored within

glaciers
rivers
lakes
pore spaces between rocks and sediments
the zone of saturation
A

the zone of saturation

101
Q

In terms of freshwater storage, groundwater is second only to which of the following sources?

A

glaciers

102
Q

What percentage of Earth’s liquid freshwater ( drinking water) is in the form of groundwater?

A

94%

103
Q

Worldwide, the largest percentage of freshwater readily available to humans is stored in _______.

glaciers
rivers
lakes
pore spaces between rocks and sediments

A

pore spaces between rocks and sediments

104
Q

What percentage of Earths water is in the form of groundwater?

A

0.62%

105
Q

Stream Gradient (slope of the stream)

A

Gradient = vertical change / horizontal change
example:1000 m/500 km = 2 m/km
-Gradients variable steeper in upper parts and gentler in lower parts
Gradient= Rise/Run

10ft/2.7mi=3.7 ft/mi

106
Q

holes in the ground people drill to obtain water (or monitor for preservation purposes)

  • Basically pipes
  • Monitor water level table for preservation purposes and use for drinking

Wells
aquifers
freshwater

A

Wells

107
Q

What is artesian well?

A

wells hydrologists drill into the confined aquifers to tap onto springs. Used for irrigation purposes or drinking water.

108
Q

drill into confined aquifer when drill water comes out as fountain because it is under pressure bc it is the confined aquifers
-Don’t have to pump it out because it is under pressure

Springs
Wells
aquifers
freshwater

A

Freshwater

109
Q

the volume of the water passing through an imaginary cross section of the stream per time.
To calculate the discharge we need to know:
D= velocity x volume

discharge
gradient
flow

A

Discharge

110
Q
  • mountainous areas
  • flows down valley from an accumulation center at its head

Valley (alpine) glaciers
Continental (Ice sheets) glaciers

A

Valley (alpine) glaciers

111
Q

-larger scale
-flow outward from thickest part of sheet
two ice sheets: Greenland and Antarctica

Valley (alpine) glaciers
Continental (Ice sheets) glaciers

A

Continental (Ice sheets) glaciers

112
Q

**Name/give examples of continental glaciers in the Southern (Northern) hemisphere?

A

Continental glaciers in southern= Antarctica

Northern = Greenland

113
Q

a thin ridge formed by the headward erosion of two cirques (on opposite sides of a ridge).

Horns
Aretes
Cirques
aquifer

A

Aretes

114
Q

steep-walled pyramidal peaks.

Horns
Aretes
Cirques
aquifer

A

Horns

115
Q

bowl-shaped depressions that form at the upper end of glacial troughs.

Horns
Aretes
Cirques
aquifer

A

Cirques

116
Q 
An \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is an underground rock formation that holds water 
Horns
Aretes
Cirques
aquifer
A

aquifer

117
Q

depth at circular orbital motion becomes small

Wave Base
Wave height
Wavelength
Troughs
Crest
A

Wave Base

118
Q

Vertical distance between a crest and a trough

Wave Base
Wave height
Wavelength
Troughs
Crest
A

Wave height

119
Q

Horizontal distance between any two corresponding points on successive waveforms.

Wave Base
Wave height
Wavelength
Troughs
Crest
A

Wavelength

120
Q

alternate low parts

Wave Base
Wave height
Wavelength
Troughs
Crest
A

Troughs

121
Q

A succession of high parts of the waves

Wave Base
Wave height
Wavelength
Troughs
Crest
A

Crest

122
Q

When does a deep-water wave become a shallow-water wave?

When the wavelength is about one-half the water depth

When the wavelength is about twice the water depth

When the wave period is greater than one-half the water depth

When the wave period is greater than twice the water depth

A

When the wavelength is about twice the water depth

123
Q

________ is the distance from “crest to crest” or “trough to trough”. It uses the greek symbol “lambda”: λ

Wave Base
Wave height
Wavelength
Troughs
Crest
A

Wavelength

124
Q

What happens to the water particles near the surface when a wave passes by?

The water particle moves in circle.

Wave height increases and wavelength decreases.

Wave height decreases and wavelength increases.

A

The water particle moves in circle.

125
Q

As a wave approaches shore, what happens to wave height and wavelength?

The water particle moves in circle.

Wave height increases and wavelength decreases.

Wave height decreases and wavelength increases.

A

Wave height increases and wavelength decreases.

126
Q

Underwater ridge of sand

Rip current
Sandbar

A

Sandbar

127
Q

Rapid rush of water out to the sea.

Rip current
Sandbar

A

Rip current

128
Q 
Hills of wind blown sand covered with plants.
aretes
Spit
Tombolo
Dunes
A

Dunes

129
Q

A long ridge of sand located in areas where much cliff erosion occurs. Occasionally, the buildup of sand prevents entrance to harbours

aretes
Spit
Tombolo
Dunes

A

Spit

130
Q

When a spit (long ridge of sand) joins an island with the mainland.

aretes
Spit
Tombolo
Dunes

A

Tombolo

131
Q

A flat area of rock in front of a cliff created by cliff retreat. It forms after destructive waves hits against the cliff face, causing undercutting between the high and low water marks, mainly as a result of erosion.

sea cliff
 wave-cut platform
 sea caves
 sea arches
sea stacks
A

Wave Cut Platform

132
Q

is a process responsible for moving significant amounts of sediment along the coast. This usually occurs in one direction as dictated by the prevailing wind.

The zig zag motion of sediment along the coastline

rip tide
longshore sediment
Long Shore Drift

A

Long Shore Drift

133
Q

List coastal landforms created by erosion

A

sea cliff, wave-cut platform, sea caves, sea arches, and sea stacks

134
Q

List coastal landforms created by deposition

A

beach, sandbar, barrier island

135
Q

an underwater or exposed ridge of sand, gravel, or shell material

sandbar
Beach
Barrier island

A

Sandbar

136
Q

a long narrow island, usually made of sand

sandbar
Beach
Barrier island

A

Barrier island

137
Q

What can be used to slow down the erosion of a barrier island?

sandbar
Beach
Barrier island

A

sandbar

138
Q

the area of shoreline that is made up of material deposited by waves and currents

sandbar
Beach
Barrier island

A

Beach

139
Q

What happens when sand moves down a beach?

the upcurrent end of the beach is built up while the down current end of the beach is eroded

the upcurrent end of the beach is eroded while the down current end of the beach is built up

A

the upcurrent end of the beach is eroded while the down current end of the beach is built up

140
Q

What forces shape a shoreline?

Longshore

Rip

Flood

Refracted

A

longshore currents

141
Q

Longshore currents

are deep ocean currents

are caused by changes in salinity

flow in a direction parallel to the shoreline

are responsible for most erosional features

A

flow in a direction parallel to the shoreline

142
Q

What type of hard stabilization structure is designed to keep tidal inlets from shifting location or filling with sand?

Groins

Breakwaters

Seawalls

Jetties

A

jetties

143
Q

barriers built parallel to coast out in water in higher energy environments. the barrier causes waves to break offshore, reducing the energy felt onshore and creating a calmer environment behind them. made from massive stone blocks or concrete cells.

Groins

Breakwaters

Seawalls

Jetties

A

breakwaters

144
Q

shore-perpendicular barriers designed to capture longshore drift. their purpose is to slow beach erosion and/or create a sediment budget somewhere to build out a beach. constructed from stone blocks, concrete, steel, or timber.

Groins

Breakwaters

Seawalls

Jetties

A

groins

145
Q

groins are usually built in groups

A

groin fields

146
Q

characteristic U-shaped, straighter than stream formed valleys (degradational)

hanging valley
glacial valley

A

glacial valley

147
Q

a side or tributary valley, evidence of a tributary glacier (degradational)

hanging valley
glacial valley

A

hanging valley

148
Q

a small lake which forms/collects in a cirque basin behind the lip (mountain)

tarn
kettle lake
arete
cirque

A

tarn

149
Q

snow accumulates to a great thickness

zone of ablation
zone of accumulation

A

zone of accumulation

150
Q

the area where eroded material is deposited

zone of ablation
zone of accumulation

A

zone of ablation

151
Q

a glacier freezes onto rock outcrops, when the ice moves it pulls away the mass of rock and creates a jagged landscape

valley glacier
lateral moraine
medial moraine
plucking

A

plucking

152
Q

a linear accumulation of material extending down the centre of a glacier; it is caused by merging of two lateral moraines from the point at which the glaciers unite

valley glacier
lateral moraine
medial moraine
plucking

A

medial moraine

153
Q

Ridge of till along edge of a valley glacier. Composed largely of material fallen to the glacier from valley walls

valley glacier
lateral moraine
medial moraine
plucking

A

lateral moraine

154
Q
  • larger masses of ice which move down from either an icefield or a cirque basin
  • usually follow former river courses and are bound by steep sides

valley glacier
lateral moraine
medial moraine
plucking

A

Alpine (valley) glacier

155
Q

A glacier of considerable thickness that covers a large part of a continent or an area of at least 20,000 square miles, and obscures the topography of the underlying surface. Also known as an ice sheet

Alpine Glacier
Valley Glacier
Continental Glacier

A

Continental Glacier

156
Q

A continental glacier is __________.

a mass of ice that is not confined by local topography

forms in the mountains and is confined by local topography

A

a mass of ice that is not confined by local topography

157
Q

What is the name of large rocks transported from a distant source by a glacier?

boulders
erratics
till
basal

A

erratics

158
Q

When a glacier deposits till in the form of a ridge, __________.

a basal slip forms
a baymouth bar forms
a moraine forms
a kettle lake forms

A

a moraine forms

159
Q

An alpine glacier __________.

a mass of ice that is not confined by local topography

forms in the mountains and is confined by local topography

A

forms in the mountains and is confined by local topography

160
Q

__________ is the process by which a glacier slides due to ice melting at its base.

basal slip
baymouth bar
Paternoster Lakes
kettle lake

A

basal slip

161
Q

A sandbar that completely crosses a bay, sealing it of from the main body of water.

basal slip
baymouth bar
Paternoster Lakes
kettle lake

A

baymouth bar

162
Q

Area beyond the snowline where snow from the previous winter melts along with some of the glacial ice.

zone of ablation
zone of accumulation

A

zone of ablation(wastage)

163
Q

A chain of small lakes in a glacial trough that occupy basins created by glacial erosion.

basal slip
baymouth bar
Paternoster Lakes
kettle lake

A

Paternoster Lakes

164
Q

What are the depositional features produced by continental glaciers?

Moraines are layers of ridges of till.

KETTLE holes are depressions created when blocks of ice became lodged in glacial deposits and subsequently melt.

KAMES are steep-sided hills that are composed of sand and gravel.

All of these

A

All of these

165
Q
  • depositional
  • continental

kettle lake

arete

A

kettle lake

166
Q
  • erosional
  • alpine

kettle lake

arete

A

arete

167
Q
  • erosional
  • alpine

fjord
cirque

A

cirque

168
Q
  • erosional
  • alpine
  • continental: fjords often form where continental glaciers run out to sea, but they only form if the terrain is mountainous enough for these valleys to be carved. for example, the coast of Alaska or Norway

fjord
cirque

A

fjord

169
Q
  • erosional
  • alpine

hanging valley
lateral moraine

A

hanging valley

170
Q
  • erosional
  • alpine

lateral moraine
horn

A

horn

171
Q
  • depositional
  • alpine

lateral moraine
horn

A

lateral moraine

172
Q
  • depositional
  • alpine: small outwash plain features can form in association with alpine glaciers, but they are primarily a feature of continental glaciation
  • continental

tarn
outwash plain

A

outwash plain

173
Q
  • depositional
  • alpine
  • continental

tarn
recessional moraine

A

recessional moraine

174
Q
  • erosional
  • alpine

terminal moraine
tarn

A

tarn

175
Q
  • depositional
  • alpine
  • continental

terminal moraine
tarn

A

terminal moraine

176
Q
  • erosional
  • alpine

terminal moraine
U-shaped valley

A

U-shaped valley

177
Q

unconfined glaciers are also known as…

Alpine Glacier
Valley Glacier
Continental Glacier

A

Continental Glacier (not confined by mountains)

178
Q

confined glaciers are also known as…

Alpine Glacier
Valley Glacier
Continental Glacier

A

Alpine (valley) Glacier(enclosed by mountains)

179
Q

types of reservoirs

igneous, metamorphic, granite
sedimentary rocks, sandstones and limestone

A

sedimentary rocks, sandstones and limestone

180
Q

properties of reservoirs

shale and slate
permeable and porous like aquifers

A

permeable and porous like aquifers

181
Q

a permeable rock containing oil and gas, such as well-sorted sandstones and highly fractured or porous limestones. They continue to migrate upward until they are trapped by an impermeable cap rock or reach the surface as an oil seep.

shale
schist
reservoir rocks

A

reservoir rocks

182
Q

The record of an earthquake obtained from a seismic instrument is a(n)

seismograph

seismogram

time-travel graph

epigraph

A

Seismograms

183
Q

Backwash always flows

perpendicular to the slope of the shoreline

in a zigzag pattern

at the wave’s angle of approach

toward a rip current

A

perpendicular to the slope of the shoreline

184
Q

Which is NOT true of emergent coastlines?

they are often in regions being uplifted

the have very wide continental shelves

their coastlines are dominated by erosional features

they are typical of active margins

A

the have very wide continental shelves

185
Q

Which is NOT true of submergent coastlines?

their shorelines are dominated by erosional features

they are typical of passive margins

their continental shelves relatively wide

land along the coast has subsided below sea level

A

their coastlines are dominated by erosional features

186
Q

A longshore current will deposit sediment when

its energy increases

its energy decreases

its flow is disrupted by turbulence

there is a flood tide

A

its energy decreases

187
Q

Which of the following is the definition of a shoreline?

the total area of interaction between land and sea

the area of land between the highest and lowest possible water levels

the area covered by high tide

any area covered by sand

A

the area of land between the highest and lowest possible water levels

188
Q

The depth beneath the glacier’s surface at which ice begins to take on plastic properties is

50 ft
150 ft
500 ft
1,000 ft

A

150 ft

189
Q

A shared characteristic of most glacial deposits is that they are

extremely fine-grained

poorly sorted

very thick

found only in cold climates

A

poorly sorted

190
Q

the process by which a solid may convert to a gas without going through a liquid phase is called

solifluction

calving

sublimation

recrystallization

A

sublimation

191
Q

most glacial deposits are composed of

till
firn
stratified drift
erratics

A

till

192
Q

which of the moraines listed below is NOT characteristic of continental glaciation?

lateral moraine
ground moraine
terminal moraine
recessional moraine

A

lateral moraine

193
Q

a glacier appears to advance when

there is more mass accumulating than is being lost

there is more mass lost than accumulating

when the amount of mass accumulating and being is the same

when there has been no accumulation or loss for several years

A

there is more mass accumulating than is being lost

194
Q

an esker forms when

an internal stream in the glacier drops sediment

a glacier plucks blocks from one side of a rock body and polishes the other

the glacier retreats, stops, then resumes it retreat

two cirques meet

A

an internal stream in the glacier drops sediment

195
Q

an esker differs from a moraine in that

it is deposited as a glacier retreats

it is sinuous and composed of stratified drift

it is poorly sorted deposit

an esker is the result of an erosional process

A

it is sinuous and composed of stratified drift

196
Q

the organic matter or hydrocarbon raw material is derived primarily from

dinosaurs
ancient swamps
mammoths and mastodons
microscopic marine and aquatic organisms

A

microscopic marine and aquatic organisms

197
Q

during the petroleum formation process the organic matter is preserved in an

oxygenated environment with an influx of fine sediment

oxygenated environment with an influx no fine sediment

oxygen-deficient environment with an influx of fine sediment

oxygen-deficient environment with an influx no fine sediment

A

oxygen-deficient environment with an influx of fine sediment

198
Q

of the following, the best petroleum reservoir rock would be

a massive granite
a banded gneiss
a massive siltstone
a poorly cemented sandstone

A

a poorly cemented sandstone

199
Q

a sedimentary rock that frequently acts as a caprock is

limestone
gypsum
sandstone
shale

A

shale

200
Q

a sedimentary rock that often contains large amounts of oil but is not a reservoir rock is

granite
gypsum
sandstone
shale

A

shale

201
Q

a solid substance found in sedimentary rocks and thought to be a precursor to oil is

coal
kerogen
natural gas
shale

A

kerogen

202
Q

if a reservoir rock contains water, the oil and natural gas will

react with the water to form carbonate
disperse
be trapped beneath the water in the reservoir rock
rise above the water to the top of the reservoir rock

A

rise above the water to the top of the reservoir rock

203
Q

___ is when a reservoir rock terminates by tapering off between two layers of impermeable rock

isopach
kerogen
a pinch out
a fold-related trap

A

a pinch out

204
Q

the order in which fluids settle within a reservoir rock, from top to bottom, is

natural gas, oil, and water
oil, natural gas, and water
natural gas, water, and oil
water, natural gas, and oil

A

natural gas, oil, and water

205
Q

structural traps are caused by

a change in the permeability of the reservoir rock

deformation of the rock strata

pinching out of the reservoir rock

a change in the density of the reservoir rock

A

deformation of the rock strata

206
Q

examples of possible structural traps are

horizontal rock strata
pinch outs
angular unconformities and disconformities
folds and faults

A

folds and faults

207
Q

which of the following is an example of stratigraphic trap?

an anticline
an angular unconformity overlaid by shale
a fault
horizontal rock strata

A

an angular unconformity overlaid by shale

208
Q

the contours on an isopach map represent

thickness
elevation
depth
the direction of dip

A

thickness

209
Q

elevations on a structure contour map are generally relative to

mean sea level
Earth’s surface at the location
the average continental elevation
the nearest disconformity

A

mean sea level

210
Q

which of the following does NOT give geologists data about subsurface structures?

surface exposures of promising rock structures
data from the previously drilled wells
x-ray technology
seismographic data

A

x-ray technology

211
Q

if the data about a subsurface structure looks promising, the next step is to drill a

discovery well
dry hole
test well
producing well

A

test well

212
Q

A structure contour map describes

       Earth’s surface above a structure.  	

b. the top surface of a structure.  
c. the thickness of a structure.  	
d. the bottom surface of a structure.
A

the top surface of a structure

213
Q

Oil and natural gas formation require that organic material be exposed to which of the following?

a. lack of oxygen and low temperature.  	
b. lack of oxygen, pressure, and heat.  	
c. carbon dioxide, pressure, and heat.  	
d. high pressure and low temperature.
A

b. lack of oxygen, pressure, and heat

214
Q

The volume of freshwater held beneath the earth’s surface constitutes as much as ____________ the freshwater contained in lakes, rivers, and streams.

a. 10 times  	
b. 20 times 
c. 40 times  	
d. 80 times
A

c. 40 times

215
Q

What percentage of precipitation falling on the land becomes surface water, or runoff, and flows to the sea in river and stream channels?

a. 10% 
b. 15%  	
c. 20% 
d. 25%
A

d. 25%

216
Q

An aquifer must be

a. porous and impermeable.  	
b. porous and permeable.  	
c. impermeable and nonporous.  
d. just impermeable.
A

b. porous and permeable.

217
Q

Of the following, the best aquifer would be

a. a well-sorted sand.  	
b. a well-cemented sandstone.  	
c. a siltstone or shale.  
d. an igneous rock such as granite.
A

a. a well-sorted sand

218
Q

A confined aquifer is always confined between

a. the water table and the earth’s surface. 
b. two impermeable layers.  	
c. permeable layers.	
d. a permeable layer and impermeable layer.
A

b. two impermeable layers.

219
Q

The water table rises when

a. recharge and discharge are about equal.  
b. discharge exceeds recharge. 
c. recharge exceeds discharge.  	
d. more than one pump is located in the recharge area.
A

c. recharge exceeds discharge.

220
Q

What factors affect the rate of groundwater flow?

a. the presence of industrial contamination  	
b. higher than usual rainfall or snowmelt 	
c. porosity and permeability of the aquitard and slope of the water table  	
d. porosity and permeability of the aquifer and slope of the water table
A

d. porosity and permeability of the aquifer and slope of the water table

221
Q

Where do springs, swamps, and spring-fed lakes occur?

a. where the water table intersects with the surface  
b. in the recharge area  
c. only in the lower elevations  
d. downslope of a stream
A

a. where the water table intersects with the surface

222
Q

Streams deposit sediment

a. as they lose energy.  
b. in order of size, smaller particles first. 	
c. when the suspended load exceeds the bed load.  
d. by a & b.
A

a. as they lose energy.

223
Q

Which of the following statements is true about a stream valley?

a. It forms through a combination of downcutting and mass wasting.  
b. It forms only where the bedrock is relatively soft.  
c. It is typically flat and wide where gradients are higher.  	
d. a & c
A

a. It forms through a combination of downcutting and mass wasting.

224
Q

What relative dating principle states that in a sequence of sedimentary rocks, unless overturned, the oldest beds are at the bottom and the youngest beds are at the top?

a. Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships 
b. Principle of Inclusion  	
c. Principle of Superposition  
d. Principle of Original Horizontality
A

c. Principle of Superposition

225
Q

What relative dating principle states that fossils in a sequence of sedimentary rock layers succeed one another in a definite, recognizable order?

a. Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships 
b. Principle of Faunal Succession  
c. Principle of Inclusion  
d. Principle of Superposition
A

b. Principle of Faunal Succession

226
Q

The Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships states that

a. sedimentary layers and lava flows accumulate as horizontal layers.  
b. rock fragments found within an igneous intrusion are older than the intrusion.  
c. geologic structures that cut across other structures are younger than the structures they cut across.  
d. younger rocks are deposited over older rocks.
A

c. geologic structures that cut across other structures are younger than the structures they cut across.

227
Q

The Principle of Lateral Continuity states

a. sedimentary layers and lava flows accumulate as horizontal layers. 
b. a layer of sedimentary rock originally extended in all directions until it thinned to zero or reached the edge of the basin.  	
c. rock fragments found within an igneous intrusion are older than the intrusion. 
d. younger rocks are deposited over older rocks.
A

b. a layer of sedimentary rock originally extended in all directions until it thinned to zero or reached the edge of the basin.

228
Q

What type of unconformity appears between two parallel sedimentary layers?

a. a disconformity  
b. a nonconformity  	
c. an angular unconformity  
d. a sedimentary nonconformity
A

a. a disconformity

229
Q

What type of unconformity appears between a sedimentary layer and an igneous or metamorphic rock body?

a. a disconformity  	
b. a nonconformity  
c. an angular unconformity 
d. a sedimentary nonconformity
A

b. a nonconformity

230
Q

What type of unconformity appears between a tilted sedimentary strata and a horizontal overlying layer?

a. a disconformity  
b. a nonconformity  	
c. an angular unconformity  	
d. a sedimentary nonconformity
A

c. an angular unconformity

231
Q

If a sample of radioactive material contains a parent isotope with a half-life of 3 years, then at the end of 6 years

a. all of the parent isotope remains. 	
b. half of the parent isotope remains.  
c. one-quarter of the parent isotope remains.  
d. one-ninth of the parent isotope remains.
A

c. one-quarter of the parent isotope remains.

Geology (3 decks)

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