Lab final review Flashcards
___ is the volume of voids or open space in a rock or unconsolidated material.
Permeability
Space yield
Porosity
Saturation index
porosity
_____controls the ease (or difficulty) of groundwater transmission through a porous material.
Potability
Portability
Pernneosity
Permeability
permeability
1:24000 - represents same unit of measurement on the map 1 in = 24,000 mi: a fraction
ratio scale
verbal scale
ratio scale
1 inch = 2000 feet; written in sentence format
ratio scale
verbal scale
verbal scale
connect all points of equal elevation on the land surface
contour interval
contour lines
longitude grid lines
latitude grid lines
contour lines
the difference in elevation between adjacent contour lines
contour interval
contour lines
longitude grid lines
latitude grid lines
contour interval
Which grid lines on a standard map are the vertical lines?
contour interval
contour lines
longitude grid lines
latitude grid lines
longitude grid lines
Which grid lines on a standard map are the horizontal lines?
contour interval
contour lines
longitude grid lines
latitude grid lines
latitude grid lines
The hatched contour lines show
a depression in the elevation.
are steep slopes while
have a gentle slope
has the highest elevation
a depression in the elevation.
Close spaced contour lines
a depression in the elevation.
are steep slopes while
have a gentle slope
has the highest elevation
are steep slopes while
Contour lines that are far apart
a depression in the elevation.
are steep slopes while
have a gentle slope
has the highest elevation
have a gentle slope
The inner contour line
a depression in the elevation.
are steep slopes while
have a gentle slope
has the highest elevation
has the highest elevation
At a __________ plate boundary new crust is created as two or more plates pull away from each other.
divergent
transform
convergent
divergent
A __________ boundary occurs when two tectonic plates slide past each other.
divergent
transform
convergent
transform
A __________ boundary occurs when two tectonic plates collide into each other.
divergent
transform
convergent
convergent
Areas where plates move toward each other and collide, causing uplift.
convergent plate boundaries
divergent plate boundaries
transform plate boundaries
subduction zone
convergent plate boundaries
Areas where plates move away from each other, forming either mid oceanic ridges or rift valleys.
convergent plate boundaries
divergent plate boundaries
transform plate boundaries
subduction zone
divergent plate boundaries
Areas where two plates grind past each other resulting in faults such as the San Andreas Fault. Earthquakes often occur at fault lines.
convergent plate boundaries
divergent plate boundaries
transform plate boundaries
subduction zone
transform plate boundaries
A __________ __________ is a convergent boundary where an oceanic plate is pushed beneath a continental plate forming a trench. The oceanic crust melts resulting in the formation of volcanoes.
convergent plate boundaries
divergent plate boundaries
transform plate boundaries
subduction zone
subduction zone
The Ring of Fire has formed a volcanic island chain in the Pacific Ocean. What has caused this to happen?
convergent plate boundary
divergent plate boundary
transform plate boundary
mantle hot spot
convergent plate boundary
The San Andreas Fault in California is a __________ plate boundary.
convergent
divergent
transform
subduction zone
transform
What two pieces of information would researchers need to have in order to calculate the rate of plate motion for seafloor spreading?
Time of sample and rift size
Distance from the rift and age of seafloor sample
Depth and rift size
Sample size and depth
Distance from the rift and age of seafloor sample
Hanging wall moves down with gravity compared to footwall.
Reverse Fault
Normal Fault
Lateral Fault
Normal Fault
Hanging wall moves up against gravity
Reverse Fault
Normal Fault
Lateral Fault
Reverse Fault
move horizontally past one another
Reverse Fault Blocks
Normal Fault Blocks
Lateral Fault Blocks
Lateral Fault Blocks
Folded mountains would most likely occur at
convergent plate boundaries
divergent plate boundaries
transform plate boundaries
subduction zone
A convergent boundary
Type of stress that causes Folding
Shearing
Compression
Tension
COMPRESSION
Type of stress causing Lateral Fault
Shearing
Compression
Tension
SHEARING
Type of stress causing Reverse Fault
Shearing
Compression
Tension
COMPRESSION
Type of stress causing Normal Fault
Shearing
Compression
Tension
TENSION
Three types of Faults
Shearing, Compression, Tension
Normal, Reverse, Lateral
Normal, Reverse, Lateral
Three Types of Stress
Normal, Reverse, Lateral
Shearing, Compression, Tension
Shearing, Compression, Tension
Brittle means
shear
hard
fragile
bends
Fragile
Ductile means
shear
hard
fragile
bends
Bends
Hot will ___ rocks
Cold will ___ rocks
Fault, fold
Fold, fault
fold,fault
Great pressure will cause rocks to ___
Little pressure will cause rocks to ___
Fault, fold
Fold, fault
Fold, Fault
Quick Stress will cause rocks to ___
Slow Stress will cause rocks to ___
Fault, fold
Fold, fault
Fault, Fold
Brittle Rock will ___
Ductile Rock will ___
Fault, fold
Fold, fault
Fault, Fold
What is a Strike-Slip Fault?
results from SHEARING force pushing rocks past each other
results from TENSION force pushing rocks past each other
results from COMPRESSION force pushing rocks past each other
results from SHEARING force pushing rocks past each other
folds in the earth’s crust that rise up like an arch
anticline syncline monocline Dip Strike
anticline
folds in the earth’s crust that curve up like a valley
anticline syncline monocline Dip Strike
syncline
folds in the earth where the sides of each layer stays flat, but the middle is bent.
anticline syncline monocline Dip Strike
monocline
The angle between a tilted surface and a horizontal plane
anticline syncline monocline Dip Strike
Dip
The compass orientation of the line of intersection between horizontal plane and a planar feature, such as a rock layer or fault
anticline syncline monocline Dip Strike
Strike
A map that shows the shape of the ground surface, as well as the location and elevation of surface features, usually by means of contour lines
Thomas Guide
Atlas
Street Map
Topographic map
Topographic map
A strike slip fault that appears to be moving to the left to an observer standing on either block.
Right lateral
Left lateral
Dome
Basin
Left lateral
A strike slip fault that appears to be moving to the right tune observer standing on either block.
Right lateral
Left lateral
Dome
Basin
Right lateral
The structure caused by the up warping of strata
Right lateral
Left lateral
Dome
Basin
Domes
The structure caused by the downwarping of strata
Right lateral
Left lateral
Dome
Basin
Basins
___ is used to calculate distance to earthquake
Surface waves + love waves
S - P
X+Y
Z-P
S - P
seismic waves that compress and expand the ground like an accordion
Surface waves
Love waves
S waves (secondary waves)
P waves (Primary waves)
P waves (Primary waves)
The point on the surface directly above the focus is called the _______________.
inertial point
epicenter
focus
seismic zone
epicenter
What type of data do geologists use to locate an earthquake’s epicenter?
they measure the difference between the arrival times of the Love waves and S waves.
they measure the difference between the arrival times of the P waves and Surface waves.
they measure the difference between the arrival times of the P waves and S waves
they measure the difference between the arrival times of the Love waves and Surface waves.
they measure the difference between the arrival times of the P waves and S waves
A principle holding that sedimentary rocks in a vertical sequence formed one on top of the other so that the oldest layer is at the bottom of the sequence and the youngest is at the top
Principle of Lateral Continuity
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Superposition
Principle of Superposition
A principle holding that sediments are deposited in horizontal or nearly horizontal layers
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Faunal (Fossil) Succession
Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships
Principle of Original Horizontality
A principle holding that inclusions or fragments in a rock unit are older than the rock itself- for example, granite inclusions in a sandstone are older than the sandstone
Principle of Lateral Continuity
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Superposition
Principle of Inclusions
A principle holding that rock layers extend outward in all directions until they terminate
Principle of Lateral Continuity
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Superposition
Principle of Lateral Continuity
A principle holding that a fault or an igneous intrusion must be younger than the rocks it intrudes or cuts across
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Faunal (Fossil) Succession
Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships
Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships
A principle holding that fossils, especially groups or assemblages of fossils, succeed one another through time in a regular and determined order
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Faunal (Fossil) Succession
Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships
Principle of Faunal (Fossil) Succession
Radiometric Dating and Radiocarbon Dating are used to
calculate
Absolute dating
Absolute Age
Absolute Age
Comparing the percentages of a radioactive (parent) isotope and a stable (daughter) isotope.
RATIO = Parent Isotopes : Daughter Isotopes
is used in
Absolute dating
Radiocarbon dating
Radiometric Dating
Radiometric Dating
Dates organic material using the known rate of decay of Carbon-14. Useful for materials less than 45,000 years old.
Determine ratio of 14C : 12C in remains and compare to the ratio of 14C : 12 C in a living organism.
Age = Living 14C : 12C - Dead 14C : 12C
is used in
Absolute dating
Radiocarbon dating
Radiometric Dating
Radiocarbon dating
A technique used to determine the actual age of a fossil
Absolute dating
Radiocarbon dating
Radiometric Dating
Absolute dating
___ is the process of measuring the absolute age of geologic material by measuring the concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their decay products
Absolute dating
Radiocarbon dating
Radiometric Dating
radiometric dating
___ is used to date charcoal, bones, shells
Absolute
Radiocarbon
Radiometric
radiocarbon
Define mass wasting.
Material moves freely through the air.
Down-slope movement of Earth materials under the influence of gravity.
Materials move as a cohesive unit along a well defined plane.
Tilted rocks layers (such as clay) get wet and slippery. This causes part of the hillside to give way.
Down-slope movement of Earth materials under the influence of gravity.
What are the 4 types of mass movements?
Falls, Slides, Flows, Creep
Jumps, kicks,cartwheels, wheelies
Falls, Slides, Flows, Creep
What are “falls”?
Material moves freely through the air.
Down-slope movement of Earth materials under the influence of gravity.
Materials move as a cohesive unit along a well defined plane.
Tilted rocks layers (such as clay) get wet and slippery. This causes part of the hillside to give way.
Material moves freely through the air. Usually steep slopes. (Example - rocks falls covering a road with large rocks)
What are slides?
Material moves freely through the air.
Down-slope movement of Earth materials under the influence of gravity.
Materials move as a cohesive unit along a well defined plane.
Tilted rocks layers (such as clay) get wet and slippery. This causes part of the hillside to give way.
Materials move as a cohesive unit along a well defined plane.
What causes a slide to occur?
Material moves freely through the air.
Down-slope movement of Earth materials under the influence of gravity.
Materials move as a cohesive unit along a well defined plane.
Tilted rocks layers (such as clay) get wet and slippery. This causes part of the hillside to give way.
Tilted rocks layers (such as clay) get wet and slippery. This causes part of the hillside to give way.
What is a slump?
Characterized by movement along a curved surface.
Material moving as a viscous fluid. Involves water (Mud Flow, Earth Flow, Debris Flow)
Characterized as a flow. The slow, down-slope flow of water-saturated materials in areas of permafrost.
Soil is slowly pulled down-slope due to gravity.
Characterized by movement along a curved surface.
What is a flow?
Characterized by movement along a curved surface.
Material moving as a viscous fluid. Involves water (Mud Flow, Earth Flow, Debris Flow)
Characterized as a flow. The slow, down-slope flow of water-saturated materials in areas of permafrost.
Soil is slowly pulled down-slope due to gravity.
Material moving as a viscous fluid. Involves water (Mud Flow, Earth Flow, Debris Flow)
What is solifluction? What type of mass movement is this?
Characterized by movement along a curved surface.
Material moving as a viscous fluid. Involves water (Mud Flow, Earth Flow, Debris Flow)
Characterized as a flow. The slow, down-slope flow of water-saturated materials in areas of permafrost.
Soil is slowly pulled down-slope due to gravity.
Characterized as a flow. The slow, down-slope flow of water-saturated materials in areas of permafrost.
What type of mass movement causes the most economic damage?
Falls
Slides
Flows
Creep
CREEP
What is creep? A sign would be?
Characterized by movement along a curved surface.
Material moving as a viscous fluid. Involves water (Mud Flow, Earth Flow, Debris Flow)
Characterized as a flow. The slow, down-slope flow of water-saturated materials in areas of permafrost.
Soil is slowly pulled down-slope due to gravity. Materials expand due to freezing. The materials move down slope slightly (gravity) when the particles that and contract.
Recognized by curved trees and/or angled fences
Soil is slowly pulled down-slope due to gravity. Materials expand due to freezing. The materials move down slope slightly (gravity) when the particles that and contract.
Recognized by curved trees and/or angled fences
Which one of the following is determined by the angle of repose for dry sand?
Inclination angle of a dune slip face .
What is the angle of repose for dry sand?
27 degrees
75 degrees
45 degrees
65 degrees
45 degrees
A type of ground failure characterized by nearly vertical deformation, or the downward sinking of earth materials
.Inclination
angle
Subsidence
Subsidence
What is subsidence?
movement along a curved surface.
A sinking of the ground surface.
Inclination angle of a dune slip face .
A sinking of the ground surface.
How is subsidence related to other hazards?
Landslides (permafrost thawing),
Subsidence is associated with the dissolution of what three types or rocks?
Limestone, marble, gypsum
Diamond, garnet, sedimentary
metamorphic, igneous, sedimentary
Limestone, marble, gypsum
The slope of a stream bed measured at some point along its course is the
a. base level
b. floodplain
c. stream gradient
d. thalweg
c. stream gradient
The stream gradient of most rivers
a. is greater near the source than near the mouth
b. is greater near the mouth than near the source
c. does not change significantly as the river flows downstream
d. is greater for a meandering stream than for any other type
a. is greater near the source than near the mouth
All else being equal, water will flow faster in a stream that has a
a. steep stream gradient
b. gentle stream gradient
a. steep stream gradient
What is a stream gradient?
a measure of vertical distance that a stream channel falls over a given horizontal distance. Expressed in feet/mile or meters/kilometer
the width of the stream is measured; the average depth is determined by measuring the depth of the flow at several intervals across its width; the velocity is measured with a flow meter at multiple depths. then the discharge is determined by multiplying the width x average depth x average velocity
a measure of vertical distance that a stream channel falls over a given horizontal distance. Expressed in feet/mile or meters/kilometer
Calculate stream gradient
Gradient = difference in elevation between points A:B(ft)/horizontal distance between points A:B(mi)
10ft/2.7mi=3.7 ft/mi
What is a stream discharge?
volume of water passing a fixed reference point per unit time this is a volumetric variable and is expressed cubic meters/sec or cubic feet/sec
Discharge=velocity x volume
a measure of vertical distance that a stream channel falls over a given horizontal distance. Expressed in feet/mile or meters/kilometer
volume of water passing a fixed reference point per unit time this is a volumetric variable and is expressed cubic meters/sec or cubic feet/sec
How is stream discharge or flow measured?
the width of the stream is measured; the average depth is determined by measuring the depth of the flow at several intervals across its width; the velocity is measured with a flow meter at multiple depths. then the discharge is determined by multiplying the width x average depth x average velocity D=VELOCITY X VOLUME
the volume of water moving through a channel over a given time interval (the amount passing a given point in a given amount of time) ex. Q quantity = V velocity x A cross-sectional area (ft 2)
the width of the stream is measured; the average depth is determined by measuring the depth of the flow at several intervals across its width; the velocity is measured with a flow meter at multiple depths. then the discharge is determined by multiplying the width x average depth x average velocity
How to calculate hydraulic gradient?
high to low pressure areas
the distance between two wells that penetrate the zone of saturation
the distance between two wells that penetrate the zone of saturation
Groundwater flows from __________.
high to low pressure areas
low to high pressure areas
high to low pressure areas
Which of the following is true regarding groundwater as you move deeper below the surface?
Groundwater moves over larger distances, over longer timescales
Groundwater moves over smaller distances, over smaller timescales
Groundwater moves over larger distances, over longer timescales
Groundwater migrates from areas of low pressure to areas of high pressure.
true
false
false
Which rock is best suited for radiometric dating?
pyrite
bauxite
granite
calcite
granite
The Principle of ________ states that organisms succeed one another in a definite, determinable order that can be used to recognize a specific time period.
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Original Horizontality
Principle of Faunal (Fossil) Succession
Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships
Fossil succession
If a rock contains ten different kinds of fossils, which of the following must be true?
That period of time was rough
They all died within 5 years of each other
All of the organisms had to be alive when the rock was deposited.
All of the organisms had to be alive when the rock was deposited.
How is the geologic time scale related to the fossil record?
The periods of the time scale were constructed based on ranges of fossil organisms.
Matching up rocks of similar age in different regions
All of the organisms had to be alive when the rock was deposited.
The periods of the time scale were constructed based on ranges of fossil organisms.
What is correlation?
The periods of the time scale were constructed based on ranges of fossil organisms.
Matching up rocks of similar age in different regions
All of the organisms had to be alive when the rock was deposited.
Matching up rocks of similar age in different regions
What is the definition of relative dating?
Putting events in order from first to last
Putting events in order from last to first
Putting events in order from first to last
What groundwater feature forms where the water table intersects with the Earth’s surface, creating a natural outflow of groundwater?
spring
The majority of groundwater is stored within
glaciers rivers lakes pore spaces between rocks and sediments the zone of saturation
the zone of saturation
In terms of freshwater storage, groundwater is second only to which of the following sources?
glaciers
What percentage of Earth’s liquid freshwater ( drinking water) is in the form of groundwater?
94%
Worldwide, the largest percentage of freshwater readily available to humans is stored in _______.
glaciers
rivers
lakes
pore spaces between rocks and sediments
pore spaces between rocks and sediments
What percentage of Earths water is in the form of groundwater?
0.62%
Stream Gradient (slope of the stream)
Gradient = vertical change / horizontal change
example:1000 m/500 km = 2 m/km
-Gradients variable steeper in upper parts and gentler in lower parts
Gradient= Rise/Run
10ft/2.7mi=3.7 ft/mi
holes in the ground people drill to obtain water (or monitor for preservation purposes)
- Basically pipes
- Monitor water level table for preservation purposes and use for drinking
Wells
aquifers
freshwater
Wells
What is artesian well?
wells hydrologists drill into the confined aquifers to tap onto springs. Used for irrigation purposes or drinking water.
drill into confined aquifer when drill water comes out as fountain because it is under pressure bc it is the confined aquifers
-Don’t have to pump it out because it is under pressure
Springs
Wells
aquifers
freshwater
Freshwater
the volume of the water passing through an imaginary cross section of the stream per time.
To calculate the discharge we need to know:
D= velocity x volume
discharge
gradient
flow
Discharge
- mountainous areas
- flows down valley from an accumulation center at its head
Valley (alpine) glaciers
Continental (Ice sheets) glaciers
Valley (alpine) glaciers
-larger scale
-flow outward from thickest part of sheet
two ice sheets: Greenland and Antarctica
Valley (alpine) glaciers
Continental (Ice sheets) glaciers
Continental (Ice sheets) glaciers
**Name/give examples of continental glaciers in the Southern (Northern) hemisphere?
Continental glaciers in southern= Antarctica
Northern = Greenland
a thin ridge formed by the headward erosion of two cirques (on opposite sides of a ridge).
Horns
Aretes
Cirques
aquifer
Aretes
steep-walled pyramidal peaks.
Horns
Aretes
Cirques
aquifer
Horns
bowl-shaped depressions that form at the upper end of glacial troughs.
Horns
Aretes
Cirques
aquifer
Cirques
An \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is an underground rock formation that holds water Horns Aretes Cirques aquifer
aquifer
depth at circular orbital motion becomes small
Wave Base Wave height Wavelength Troughs Crest
Wave Base
Vertical distance between a crest and a trough
Wave Base Wave height Wavelength Troughs Crest
Wave height
Horizontal distance between any two corresponding points on successive waveforms.
Wave Base Wave height Wavelength Troughs Crest
Wavelength
alternate low parts
Wave Base Wave height Wavelength Troughs Crest
Troughs
A succession of high parts of the waves
Wave Base Wave height Wavelength Troughs Crest
Crest
When does a deep-water wave become a shallow-water wave?
When the wavelength is about one-half the water depth
When the wavelength is about twice the water depth
When the wave period is greater than one-half the water depth
When the wave period is greater than twice the water depth
When the wavelength is about twice the water depth
________ is the distance from “crest to crest” or “trough to trough”. It uses the greek symbol “lambda”: λ
Wave Base Wave height Wavelength Troughs Crest
Wavelength
What happens to the water particles near the surface when a wave passes by?
The water particle moves in circle.
Wave height increases and wavelength decreases.
Wave height decreases and wavelength increases.
The water particle moves in circle.
As a wave approaches shore, what happens to wave height and wavelength?
The water particle moves in circle.
Wave height increases and wavelength decreases.
Wave height decreases and wavelength increases.
Wave height increases and wavelength decreases.
Underwater ridge of sand
Rip current
Sandbar
Sandbar
Rapid rush of water out to the sea.
Rip current
Sandbar
Rip current
Hills of wind blown sand covered with plants. aretes Spit Tombolo Dunes
Dunes
A long ridge of sand located in areas where much cliff erosion occurs. Occasionally, the buildup of sand prevents entrance to harbours
aretes
Spit
Tombolo
Dunes
Spit
When a spit (long ridge of sand) joins an island with the mainland.
aretes
Spit
Tombolo
Dunes
Tombolo
A flat area of rock in front of a cliff created by cliff retreat. It forms after destructive waves hits against the cliff face, causing undercutting between the high and low water marks, mainly as a result of erosion.
sea cliff wave-cut platform sea caves sea arches sea stacks
Wave Cut Platform
is a process responsible for moving significant amounts of sediment along the coast. This usually occurs in one direction as dictated by the prevailing wind.
The zig zag motion of sediment along the coastline
rip tide
longshore sediment
Long Shore Drift
Long Shore Drift
List coastal landforms created by erosion
sea cliff, wave-cut platform, sea caves, sea arches, and sea stacks
List coastal landforms created by deposition
beach, sandbar, barrier island
an underwater or exposed ridge of sand, gravel, or shell material
sandbar
Beach
Barrier island
Sandbar
a long narrow island, usually made of sand
sandbar
Beach
Barrier island
Barrier island
What can be used to slow down the erosion of a barrier island?
sandbar
Beach
Barrier island
sandbar
the area of shoreline that is made up of material deposited by waves and currents
sandbar
Beach
Barrier island
Beach
What happens when sand moves down a beach?
the upcurrent end of the beach is built up while the down current end of the beach is eroded
the upcurrent end of the beach is eroded while the down current end of the beach is built up
the upcurrent end of the beach is eroded while the down current end of the beach is built up
What forces shape a shoreline?
Longshore
Rip
Flood
Refracted
longshore currents
Longshore currents
are deep ocean currents
are caused by changes in salinity
flow in a direction parallel to the shoreline
are responsible for most erosional features
flow in a direction parallel to the shoreline
What type of hard stabilization structure is designed to keep tidal inlets from shifting location or filling with sand?
Groins
Breakwaters
Seawalls
Jetties
jetties
barriers built parallel to coast out in water in higher energy environments. the barrier causes waves to break offshore, reducing the energy felt onshore and creating a calmer environment behind them. made from massive stone blocks or concrete cells.
Groins
Breakwaters
Seawalls
Jetties
breakwaters
shore-perpendicular barriers designed to capture longshore drift. their purpose is to slow beach erosion and/or create a sediment budget somewhere to build out a beach. constructed from stone blocks, concrete, steel, or timber.
Groins
Breakwaters
Seawalls
Jetties
groins
groins are usually built in groups
groin fields
characteristic U-shaped, straighter than stream formed valleys (degradational)
hanging valley
glacial valley
glacial valley
a side or tributary valley, evidence of a tributary glacier (degradational)
hanging valley
glacial valley
hanging valley
a small lake which forms/collects in a cirque basin behind the lip (mountain)
tarn
kettle lake
arete
cirque
tarn
snow accumulates to a great thickness
zone of ablation
zone of accumulation
zone of accumulation
the area where eroded material is deposited
zone of ablation
zone of accumulation
zone of ablation
a glacier freezes onto rock outcrops, when the ice moves it pulls away the mass of rock and creates a jagged landscape
valley glacier
lateral moraine
medial moraine
plucking
plucking
a linear accumulation of material extending down the centre of a glacier; it is caused by merging of two lateral moraines from the point at which the glaciers unite
valley glacier
lateral moraine
medial moraine
plucking
medial moraine
Ridge of till along edge of a valley glacier. Composed largely of material fallen to the glacier from valley walls
valley glacier
lateral moraine
medial moraine
plucking
lateral moraine
- larger masses of ice which move down from either an icefield or a cirque basin
- usually follow former river courses and are bound by steep sides
valley glacier
lateral moraine
medial moraine
plucking
Alpine (valley) glacier
A glacier of considerable thickness that covers a large part of a continent or an area of at least 20,000 square miles, and obscures the topography of the underlying surface. Also known as an ice sheet
Alpine Glacier
Valley Glacier
Continental Glacier
Continental Glacier
A continental glacier is __________.
a mass of ice that is not confined by local topography
forms in the mountains and is confined by local topography
a mass of ice that is not confined by local topography
What is the name of large rocks transported from a distant source by a glacier?
boulders
erratics
till
basal
erratics
When a glacier deposits till in the form of a ridge, __________.
a basal slip forms
a baymouth bar forms
a moraine forms
a kettle lake forms
a moraine forms
An alpine glacier __________.
a mass of ice that is not confined by local topography
forms in the mountains and is confined by local topography
forms in the mountains and is confined by local topography
__________ is the process by which a glacier slides due to ice melting at its base.
basal slip
baymouth bar
Paternoster Lakes
kettle lake
basal slip
A sandbar that completely crosses a bay, sealing it of from the main body of water.
basal slip
baymouth bar
Paternoster Lakes
kettle lake
baymouth bar
Area beyond the snowline where snow from the previous winter melts along with some of the glacial ice.
zone of ablation
zone of accumulation
zone of ablation(wastage)
A chain of small lakes in a glacial trough that occupy basins created by glacial erosion.
basal slip
baymouth bar
Paternoster Lakes
kettle lake
Paternoster Lakes
What are the depositional features produced by continental glaciers?
Moraines are layers of ridges of till.
KETTLE holes are depressions created when blocks of ice became lodged in glacial deposits and subsequently melt.
KAMES are steep-sided hills that are composed of sand and gravel.
All of these
All of these
- depositional
- continental
kettle lake
arete
kettle lake
- erosional
- alpine
kettle lake
arete
arete
- erosional
- alpine
fjord
cirque
cirque
- erosional
- alpine
- continental: fjords often form where continental glaciers run out to sea, but they only form if the terrain is mountainous enough for these valleys to be carved. for example, the coast of Alaska or Norway
fjord
cirque
fjord
- erosional
- alpine
hanging valley
lateral moraine
hanging valley
- erosional
- alpine
lateral moraine
horn
horn
- depositional
- alpine
lateral moraine
horn
lateral moraine
- depositional
- alpine: small outwash plain features can form in association with alpine glaciers, but they are primarily a feature of continental glaciation
- continental
tarn
outwash plain
outwash plain
- depositional
- alpine
- continental
tarn
recessional moraine
recessional moraine
- erosional
- alpine
terminal moraine
tarn
tarn
- depositional
- alpine
- continental
terminal moraine
tarn
terminal moraine
- erosional
- alpine
terminal moraine
U-shaped valley
U-shaped valley
unconfined glaciers are also known as…
Alpine Glacier
Valley Glacier
Continental Glacier
Continental Glacier (not confined by mountains)
confined glaciers are also known as…
Alpine Glacier
Valley Glacier
Continental Glacier
Alpine (valley) Glacier(enclosed by mountains)
types of reservoirs
igneous, metamorphic, granite
sedimentary rocks, sandstones and limestone
sedimentary rocks, sandstones and limestone
properties of reservoirs
shale and slate
permeable and porous like aquifers
permeable and porous like aquifers
a permeable rock containing oil and gas, such as well-sorted sandstones and highly fractured or porous limestones. They continue to migrate upward until they are trapped by an impermeable cap rock or reach the surface as an oil seep.
shale
schist
reservoir rocks
reservoir rocks
The record of an earthquake obtained from a seismic instrument is a(n)
seismograph
seismogram
time-travel graph
epigraph
Seismograms
Backwash always flows
perpendicular to the slope of the shoreline
in a zigzag pattern
at the wave’s angle of approach
toward a rip current
perpendicular to the slope of the shoreline
Which is NOT true of emergent coastlines?
they are often in regions being uplifted
the have very wide continental shelves
their coastlines are dominated by erosional features
they are typical of active margins
the have very wide continental shelves
Which is NOT true of submergent coastlines?
their shorelines are dominated by erosional features
they are typical of passive margins
their continental shelves relatively wide
land along the coast has subsided below sea level
their coastlines are dominated by erosional features
A longshore current will deposit sediment when
its energy increases
its energy decreases
its flow is disrupted by turbulence
there is a flood tide
its energy decreases
Which of the following is the definition of a shoreline?
the total area of interaction between land and sea
the area of land between the highest and lowest possible water levels
the area covered by high tide
any area covered by sand
the area of land between the highest and lowest possible water levels
The depth beneath the glacier’s surface at which ice begins to take on plastic properties is
50 ft
150 ft
500 ft
1,000 ft
150 ft
A shared characteristic of most glacial deposits is that they are
extremely fine-grained
poorly sorted
very thick
found only in cold climates
poorly sorted
the process by which a solid may convert to a gas without going through a liquid phase is called
solifluction
calving
sublimation
recrystallization
sublimation
most glacial deposits are composed of
till
firn
stratified drift
erratics
till
which of the moraines listed below is NOT characteristic of continental glaciation?
lateral moraine
ground moraine
terminal moraine
recessional moraine
lateral moraine
a glacier appears to advance when
there is more mass accumulating than is being lost
there is more mass lost than accumulating
when the amount of mass accumulating and being is the same
when there has been no accumulation or loss for several years
there is more mass accumulating than is being lost
an esker forms when
an internal stream in the glacier drops sediment
a glacier plucks blocks from one side of a rock body and polishes the other
the glacier retreats, stops, then resumes it retreat
two cirques meet
an internal stream in the glacier drops sediment
an esker differs from a moraine in that
it is deposited as a glacier retreats
it is sinuous and composed of stratified drift
it is poorly sorted deposit
an esker is the result of an erosional process
it is sinuous and composed of stratified drift
the organic matter or hydrocarbon raw material is derived primarily from
dinosaurs
ancient swamps
mammoths and mastodons
microscopic marine and aquatic organisms
microscopic marine and aquatic organisms
during the petroleum formation process the organic matter is preserved in an
oxygenated environment with an influx of fine sediment
oxygenated environment with an influx no fine sediment
oxygen-deficient environment with an influx of fine sediment
oxygen-deficient environment with an influx no fine sediment
oxygen-deficient environment with an influx of fine sediment
of the following, the best petroleum reservoir rock would be
a massive granite
a banded gneiss
a massive siltstone
a poorly cemented sandstone
a poorly cemented sandstone
a sedimentary rock that frequently acts as a caprock is
limestone
gypsum
sandstone
shale
shale
a sedimentary rock that often contains large amounts of oil but is not a reservoir rock is
granite
gypsum
sandstone
shale
shale
a solid substance found in sedimentary rocks and thought to be a precursor to oil is
coal
kerogen
natural gas
shale
kerogen
if a reservoir rock contains water, the oil and natural gas will
react with the water to form carbonate
disperse
be trapped beneath the water in the reservoir rock
rise above the water to the top of the reservoir rock
rise above the water to the top of the reservoir rock
___ is when a reservoir rock terminates by tapering off between two layers of impermeable rock
isopach
kerogen
a pinch out
a fold-related trap
a pinch out
the order in which fluids settle within a reservoir rock, from top to bottom, is
natural gas, oil, and water
oil, natural gas, and water
natural gas, water, and oil
water, natural gas, and oil
natural gas, oil, and water
structural traps are caused by
a change in the permeability of the reservoir rock
deformation of the rock strata
pinching out of the reservoir rock
a change in the density of the reservoir rock
deformation of the rock strata
examples of possible structural traps are
horizontal rock strata
pinch outs
angular unconformities and disconformities
folds and faults
folds and faults
which of the following is an example of stratigraphic trap?
an anticline
an angular unconformity overlaid by shale
a fault
horizontal rock strata
an angular unconformity overlaid by shale
the contours on an isopach map represent
thickness
elevation
depth
the direction of dip
thickness
elevations on a structure contour map are generally relative to
mean sea level
Earth’s surface at the location
the average continental elevation
the nearest disconformity
mean sea level
which of the following does NOT give geologists data about subsurface structures?
surface exposures of promising rock structures
data from the previously drilled wells
x-ray technology
seismographic data
x-ray technology
if the data about a subsurface structure looks promising, the next step is to drill a
discovery well
dry hole
test well
producing well
test well
A structure contour map describes
Earth’s surface above a structure. b. the top surface of a structure. c. the thickness of a structure. d. the bottom surface of a structure.
the top surface of a structure
Oil and natural gas formation require that organic material be exposed to which of the following?
a. lack of oxygen and low temperature. b. lack of oxygen, pressure, and heat. c. carbon dioxide, pressure, and heat. d. high pressure and low temperature.
b. lack of oxygen, pressure, and heat
The volume of freshwater held beneath the earth’s surface constitutes as much as ____________ the freshwater contained in lakes, rivers, and streams.
a. 10 times b. 20 times c. 40 times d. 80 times
c. 40 times
What percentage of precipitation falling on the land becomes surface water, or runoff, and flows to the sea in river and stream channels?
a. 10% b. 15% c. 20% d. 25%
d. 25%
An aquifer must be
a. porous and impermeable. b. porous and permeable. c. impermeable and nonporous. d. just impermeable.
b. porous and permeable.
Of the following, the best aquifer would be
a. a well-sorted sand. b. a well-cemented sandstone. c. a siltstone or shale. d. an igneous rock such as granite.
a. a well-sorted sand
A confined aquifer is always confined between
a. the water table and the earth’s surface. b. two impermeable layers. c. permeable layers. d. a permeable layer and impermeable layer.
b. two impermeable layers.
The water table rises when
a. recharge and discharge are about equal. b. discharge exceeds recharge. c. recharge exceeds discharge. d. more than one pump is located in the recharge area.
c. recharge exceeds discharge.
What factors affect the rate of groundwater flow?
a. the presence of industrial contamination b. higher than usual rainfall or snowmelt c. porosity and permeability of the aquitard and slope of the water table d. porosity and permeability of the aquifer and slope of the water table
d. porosity and permeability of the aquifer and slope of the water table
Where do springs, swamps, and spring-fed lakes occur?
a. where the water table intersects with the surface b. in the recharge area c. only in the lower elevations d. downslope of a stream
a. where the water table intersects with the surface
Streams deposit sediment
a. as they lose energy. b. in order of size, smaller particles first. c. when the suspended load exceeds the bed load. d. by a & b.
a. as they lose energy.
Which of the following statements is true about a stream valley?
a. It forms through a combination of downcutting and mass wasting. b. It forms only where the bedrock is relatively soft. c. It is typically flat and wide where gradients are higher. d. a & c
a. It forms through a combination of downcutting and mass wasting.
What relative dating principle states that in a sequence of sedimentary rocks, unless overturned, the oldest beds are at the bottom and the youngest beds are at the top?
a. Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships b. Principle of Inclusion c. Principle of Superposition d. Principle of Original Horizontality
c. Principle of Superposition
What relative dating principle states that fossils in a sequence of sedimentary rock layers succeed one another in a definite, recognizable order?
a. Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships b. Principle of Faunal Succession c. Principle of Inclusion d. Principle of Superposition
b. Principle of Faunal Succession
The Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships states that
a. sedimentary layers and lava flows accumulate as horizontal layers. b. rock fragments found within an igneous intrusion are older than the intrusion. c. geologic structures that cut across other structures are younger than the structures they cut across. d. younger rocks are deposited over older rocks.
c. geologic structures that cut across other structures are younger than the structures they cut across.
The Principle of Lateral Continuity states
a. sedimentary layers and lava flows accumulate as horizontal layers. b. a layer of sedimentary rock originally extended in all directions until it thinned to zero or reached the edge of the basin. c. rock fragments found within an igneous intrusion are older than the intrusion. d. younger rocks are deposited over older rocks.
b. a layer of sedimentary rock originally extended in all directions until it thinned to zero or reached the edge of the basin.
What type of unconformity appears between two parallel sedimentary layers?
a. a disconformity b. a nonconformity c. an angular unconformity d. a sedimentary nonconformity
a. a disconformity
What type of unconformity appears between a sedimentary layer and an igneous or metamorphic rock body?
a. a disconformity b. a nonconformity c. an angular unconformity d. a sedimentary nonconformity
b. a nonconformity
What type of unconformity appears between a tilted sedimentary strata and a horizontal overlying layer?
a. a disconformity b. a nonconformity c. an angular unconformity d. a sedimentary nonconformity
c. an angular unconformity
If a sample of radioactive material contains a parent isotope with a half-life of 3 years, then at the end of 6 years
a. all of the parent isotope remains. b. half of the parent isotope remains. c. one-quarter of the parent isotope remains. d. one-ninth of the parent isotope remains.
c. one-quarter of the parent isotope remains.
