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Biology 102 > Lab Final > Flashcards

Lab Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the first step of the scientific method?

A

observation

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2
Q

What is the order of the steps of the scientific method?

A 
Observation
question
hypothesis
prediction
experiment
results
report/conclusion
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3
Q

A hypothesis is what?

A

a tentative explanation for your question, a possible reason for the observation, and useful for making predictions

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4
Q

science does not usally arrive at a result that explains everything. What is the purpose of the scientific method?

A

the purpose is to reason out one part of the answer to our question.

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5
Q

a graph must include which of the following?

A

labeled axes, a title explaining the graph, either the format of a bar graph or scatter plot depending on the data, logical number intervals on the axes

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6
Q

once your results are in, you will make a conclusion. What will this conclusion do?

A

state whether the hypothesis is falsifies or supported

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7
Q

an experiment has what parts?

A

experimental group, control group, variable

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8
Q

a ____ is a well-tested explanation that is supported by a wealth of evidence.

A

theory

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9
Q

before you make a conclusion, you must do what after an experiment?

A

analyze the data for results

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10
Q

in what step of the scientific method do you produce tables and graphs?

A

results

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11
Q

What is put on the x-axis of the graph?

A

independent variable

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12
Q

how do you adjust the stage holding the microscope slide when on the lowest objective lens?

A

use the course focus

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13
Q

true or false: prokaryotes have membrane-bound organelles?

A

false

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14
Q

how was the best way to identify the difference between bacterial colonies and fungal colonies?

A

bacterial colonies are smaller and shiny whil fungal colonies are larger and fuzzy.

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15
Q

what did we use to make sure that the bacteria or fungi that was growing on our plates was actually from what we swabbed and not contamination?

A

we were careful not to lift the lid much

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16
Q

what three characteristics would you look for in a kingdom Animalia cell?

A

cells part of a larger tissue or organism, rounded cells, nuclei

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17
Q

since we know that both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are made of proteins, they must have what?

A

RNA

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18
Q

what objective do you always start with when looking at a new slide?

A

the lowest objective

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19
Q

there are how many domains used in the current classification system?

A

3

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20
Q

what structures do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?

A

RNA, DNA, Cell membrane, ribisomes

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21
Q

much of the time cells in kingdom protista are what?

A

single-celled

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22
Q

the ovary is part of which section of the flower?

A

pistil/carpel

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23
Q

what feature separates ferns from gymnosperms?

A

lacking wood and seeds

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24
Q

which of the following bear seeds?

A

angiosperms and gymnosperms

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25
Q

what ploidy level does the sporophyte generation have and what generation is dominant in mosses?

A

2n; gametophyte

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26
Q

the flower is the _____ organ of a flowering plant.

A

reproductive

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27
Q

which is not one of the four major plant groups?

A

hydrosperms

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28
Q

monocots and dicots are different in what features?

A

number of sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils; leaf venation; arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem; having wood or not

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29
Q

what are the four groups of land plants in order from least complex to most?

A

mosses(bryophytes), ferns and allies, gymnosperms, angiosperms

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30
Q

if I have a flower with 3 sepals and 3 petals and the stem of the plant has scattered vascular bundles throughout the stem, what type fo plant do i have?

A

a non-woody monocot

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31
Q

what features separates moss from a fern?

A

vascular tissue

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32
Q

pollen is produced where?

A

stamen

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33
Q

we used chloroplast extracted from what plant?

A

spinach

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34
Q

plants make two kinds of sugars: sucrose and starch. Which is the purpose of each of these sugars?

A

sucrose is for transporting to other parts of the plant and starch is used for storage

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35
Q

what part or parts of the plant are photosynthetic?

A

all parts with cells that have chloroplasts

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36
Q

photosynthesis is what type of metabolism?

A

anabolism

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37
Q

true or false: plants only make sugar in photosynthesis and release oxygen, therefor, plants do not break down sugar in respiration and use oxygen.

A

false

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38
Q

ATP is what?

A

the energy transfer molecule

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39
Q

what color of light is not used in photosynthesis?

A

green

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40
Q

DCPIP is used for what?

A

an indicator of photosynthesis

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41
Q

what is the storage sugar?

A

starch

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42
Q

the abstract must be how long?

A

no more than one page

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43
Q

what are the two products of photosynthesis?

A

carbs and oxygen

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44
Q

metabolic reactions from large molecules to smaller molecules occurs in how many steps?

A

many smaller discrete steps

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45
Q

what quality or color of light was most effective in driving the light reactions?

A

non colored light

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46
Q

humans use what type of respiration?

A

aerobic respiration

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47
Q

which of the following produced the most ATP?

A

aerobic respiration

48
Q

what enzyme was involved in the production of the ATP product of cellular respiration?

A

ATP synthase

49
Q

how many steps are there in cellular respiration?

A

3

50
Q

according to the 2nd law of thermodynamics, what happens to part of the energy of a glucose molecule when it is transferred to ATP?

A

some energy is lost as heat.

51
Q

how did we measure the rate of reaction in the fermentation tube in our respiration experiment?

A

we measure the amount of carbon dioxide produced

52
Q

what is the main by-product of respiration?

A

carbon dioxide

53
Q

what are the electron carriers in cellular respiration?

A

NADH and FADH2

54
Q

one glucose molecule makes how many ATP?

A

36-38

55
Q

if you don’t have ATP, what happens?

A

you die

56
Q

which step of cellular respiration is most important based on the amount of ATP produced?

A

electron transfer chain

57
Q

how does temp affect the rate of cellular respiration?

A

enzymes are sped up or slowed down depending on the temp

58
Q

cellular respiration takes place where?

A

cytoplasm and mitochondria

59
Q

cephalization refers to what?

A

having a head

60
Q

“what animal has pharyngeal gill slits, notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, and post-anal tail?

A

amphioxus

61
Q

what is the difference between the crustaceans and insects?

A

merged head and thorax in crustaceans but not insects, only 6 legs in insects but more possible in crustaceans, one is aquatic and the other terrestrial

62
Q

what would be proposed order of development of the following chordates?

A 
amphioxus
perch
frog
snake
rat
63
Q

_______ symmetry is characterized by a body plan equally arranged around a central axis like the spokes of a wheel. Ex. sea star

A

radial

64
Q

what feature is lost as animals move more fully to land?

A

gills

65
Q

jointed appendages were associated with what feature?

A

skeletons

66
Q

are all chordates vertebrates?

A

no

67
Q

what was the least complex organism we reviewed?

A

sponge

68
Q

what is a characteristic that all animals have?

A

multicellular, heterotrophic, lack a cel wall, capable of movement

69
Q

what features a structure that can sting called cnidocytes?

A

hydra

70
Q

which animal has the following characteristics: bilateral symmetry, developed cephalization, jointed appendages present, vertebrae absent, and 6 legs?

A

grasshopper

71
Q

what does the gallbladder do?

A

it secretes bile that neutralizes the chymes pH and emulsifies any lipids

72
Q

what was not an external feature you could see of the frog?

A

esophagus

73
Q

what was the urinary bladder nearest in the frog?

A

cloaca/anus

74
Q

what was the first organ of the internal digestive system?

A

esophagus

75
Q

how do we know that oxygenated blood mixes with deoxygenated blood in a salamanders heart?

A

there is only one ventricle and therefore blood going to the lungs/gills must mix with the blood going to the rest of the body

76
Q

why does the salamder have gills and lungs?

A

it lives in wet and dry enviroments

77
Q

what do the villi do in the small intestine?

A

they increase the absorption surface area

78
Q

what is the correct order of all digestive organs listed?

A

esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and cloaca

79
Q

kidneys are what shape?

A

small and round

80
Q

what external feature does the salamander have that the frog does not?

A

gills

81
Q

the spleen was nearest what organ below?

A

stomach

82
Q

what organ receives the contents of the stomach in the digestive system?

A

small intestine

83
Q

which organ is part of the digestive system?

A

liver

84
Q

if your one weasel caught 10 of the 20 mice, what will occur?

A

all of the above

85
Q

in our predatory-prey experiment, if you rolled a 2 and a forest fire destroys all organisms, what will likely happen in the meadow after some time has passed?

A

the meadow will be repopulated with immigrant mice and weasels

86
Q

true or false: chance events always decreased the prey population, the predator population, or both.

A

false

87
Q

since we always started the weasel population at 1 even when they died off in the previous generation, what is a scenario that reasonably accounts for the new weasels?

A

the weasel immigrated into a meadow looking for food

88
Q

what is true about the weasels?

A

weasels must have captures five extra mice to produce offspring

89
Q

normally, which is more likely to have the least individuals in a community?

A

top predator species

90
Q

if you rolled a 2 and a forest fire destroys all organisms, what will likely happen in the meadow after some time has passed?

A

the meadow will be repopulated with immigrant mice and weasels

91
Q

at what generation did chance events start to affect the population?

A

12

92
Q

across 15 generations, we say that predator populations increased how compared to prey populations?

A

predator populations slowly increased after prey populations increased

93
Q

if a top predator in an ecosystem were to suddenly disappear, what would happen to the main prey species soon after?

A

the prey species would increase dramatically in number

94
Q

what does the carbon come from in carbon dioxide that is released in the burning of fossil fuels?

A

ultimately it was a product of photosynthesis

95
Q

what processes or factors release carbon dioxide in deforestation?

A

cellular respiration and burning of organic matter

96
Q

what are happening to the current levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide according to the keeling curve?

A

they are increasing

97
Q

what two countries have the main responsibility for our large increase in carbon dioxide?

A

china and the united states

98
Q

what are the main fossil fuels?

A

coal, petroleum, and natural gas

99
Q

release and accumulation of carbon dioxide seem to be proportional, but why is that not a useful way to look at carbon flux?

A

The release of carbon is more than the stored carbon stored in safe areas.

100
Q

How does atmospheric carbon dioxide affect the ozone layer?

A

there is no effect

101
Q

What does the use of measuring carbon in Petagrams tell us?

A

There is a lot of carbon to account for in the environment.

102
Q

what is a fossil fuel?

A

ancient organic matter protected from decomposition

103
Q

what is the biggest producer to release carbon dioxide?

A

burning of fossil fuels

104
Q

The field devoted to classification of organisms is what?

A

taxonomy

105
Q

What characteristic of the each plant was the most useful in terms of identifying the plant?

A

leaves

106
Q

We used a dichotomous splitting pattern in our phylogenies. What does this mean?

A

Each “species” split into 2 different new “species”

107
Q

Which of the following describes poison ivy?

A

Trifoliate leaves
Vine with hairy-looking roots
Alternate leaves

108
Q

Leaves that have no teeth or lobes would have a margin described as what?

A

smooth

109
Q

What is the point (best reason) of constructing a phylogeny?

A

finding relationships between organisms

110
Q

What are the main methods of making phylogenies?

A

DNA and morphological characteristics

111
Q

When you want to identify organisms based on their features, what tool would be best to use?

A

a dichotomous key for the area

112
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

A

Taxonomic classifications are an attempt in showing evolutionary history based on relationships.

113
Q

Leaves with leaflets that are opposite one another with one leaflet on the tip are described as what?

A

pinnately compound

114
Q

What is the point (best reason) of constructing a phylogeny?

A

finding relationships between organisms

115
Q

a dichotomous key has which of the following?

A

couplets of questions

116
Q

A powerful approach for addressing questions of relationships between organisms is ________________, which attempts to reconstruct the historical relationships among organisms.

A

molecular systematics

Biology 102 (3 decks)

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