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GEO 1306 > Lab Final > Flashcards

Lab Final Flashcards

1
Q

Feeding

A

Feeding refers to the main mechanisms or behavior that animals use to acquire the calories needed to survive. The feeding style determines where in the food web that organism is, with predators being at the top.

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2
Q

Detritivores

A

Detritus feeders consume partially decomposed organic matter.

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3
Q

Deposit Feeders

A

Consume organic matter in sediment (like earth worms). This usually involves
ingesting sediment whole, extracting the organic matter in the gut, and excreting the sediment.

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4
Q

Bottom Feeders

A

Pick organic matter off the surface of sediment or objects

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5
Q

Filter Feeders

A

Consume small particles floating in water by filtration (think of the baleen whale).

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6
Q

Herbivores

A

Feed on primary producers (plants, kelp, seaweed, algae).

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7
Q

Predators

A

Actively hunt, kill, and eat other animals. Predators tend to be mobile so they can catch their prey, and in turn tend to have a fast metabolism that requires more calories.

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8
Q

Photosymbiotic

A

No animal can photosynthesize, as their cells do not contain chloroplasts. However, many animal groups have symbiotic relationships with photosynthesizers, such as algae or bacteria.

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9
Q

Scavengers

A

Consume other animals but do not actively hunt. Scavengers differ from bottom feeders in that they feed on recently-deceased (“fresh”) animals, and in far larger quantities than bottom feeders.

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10
Q

Mobile

A

Animals that actively move under their own power. (e.g. swimmers and crawlers)

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11
Q

Non-mobile/Sessile

A

Animals that do not move. Many are attached in place (e.g. barnacles).

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12
Q

Planktonic

A

Animals that float in the water column. Their movement is dictated by water currents.

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13
Q

Tiering

A

Tiering refers to where in the water column and/or seafloor animals spend most of their adult life (i.e. their vertical position relative to the seafloor)

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14
Q

Pelagic

A

Animals that live in the water column (e.g. swimmers or floaters).

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15
Q

Epifaunal

A

Animals that live on the seafloor. (e.g. crabs).

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16
Q

Infaunal

A

Animals that burrow into the sediment on the seafloor (e.g. worms).

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17
Q

Trilobites

A
  • Cambrian-Permian
  • Feeding: Bottom feeders
  • Mobility: Mobile
  • Tiering: Epifaunal
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18
Q

Crinoids

A
  • Ordovician-Present
  • Feeding: Filter feeders
  • Mobility: Most are sessile
  • Tiering: Epifaunal
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19
Q

Serpulids - Tubeworms

A
  • Permian-present
  • Feeding: Filter feeders
  • Mobility: Sessile
  • Tiering: Epifaunal
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20
Q

Bivalves

A
  • Cambrian-present
  • Feeding: Filter feeders
  • Mobility: Most are sessile
  • Tiering: Most are infaunal
21
Q

Brachiopods

A
  • Cambrian-present
  • Feeding: Filter feeders
  • Mobility: Most are sessile
  • Tiering: Most are epifaunal
  • Usually close after death
  • Symmetry is within the valves
22
Q

Rugose Corals

A
  • Ordovician-Permian
  • Feeding: Most are filter feeders
  • Mobility: Sessile
  • Tiering: Epifaunal
  • Reef-builders
23
Q

Scleractinian Corals

A
  • Permian-present
  • Feeding: Filter feeders
  • Mobility: Sessile
  • Tiering: Epifaunal
  • Reef-builders
24
Q

Bryozoans

A
  • Ordovician-present
  • Feeding: Filter feeders
  • Mobility: Sessile
  • Tiering: Epifaunal
  • Reef-builders
25
Q

Nautiloids - Cephlapods

A
  • Ordovician-present
  • Feeding: Predatory
  • Mobility: Mobile
  • Tiering: Pelagic
  • Straight sutures
  • Posterior symmetry
26
Q

Ammonoids - Cephlapods

A
  • Ordovician-Cretaceous
  • Feeding: Predatory
  • Mobility: Mobile
  • Tiering: Pelagic
  • Coiled sutures
  • Posterior symmetry
27
Q

Gastropods

A
  • Cambrian-present
  • Feeding: Most are predatory
  • Mobility: Mobile
  • Tiering: Most are epifaunal
28
Q

Regular Echinoids

A
  • Ordovician-present
  • Feeding: Most are herbivores
  • Mobility: Mobile
  • Tiering: Epifaunal
  • Five-fold symmetry
29
Q

Irregular Echinoids

A
  • Jurassic-present
  • Feeding: Bottom feeders
  • Mobility: Mobile
  • Tiering: Infaunal
  • Bilateral symmetry
30
Q

Scaphopods - Tusk Shells

A
  • Carboniferous-present
  • Feeding: Most are filter feeders
  • Mobility: Mobile
  • Tiering: Infaunal
31
Q

Crustaceans

A
  • Cambrian-present
  • Feeding: Varies
  • Mobility: Varies
  • Tiering: Varies
  • Chitin exoskeleton
32
Q

Sharks

A
  • Devonian-present
  • Feeding: Most are predatory
  • Mobility: Mobile
  • Tiering: Pelagic
33
Q

Barnacles

A
  • Carboniferous-present
  • Feeding: Filter feeders
  • Mobility: Sessile
  • Tiering: Epifaunal
34
Q

Mosasaurs

A
  • Cretaceous
  • Feeding: Predatory
  • Mobility: Mobile
  • Tiering: Epifaunal
35
Q

Saurischia

A
  • Forward-facing pubis bone
  • Typically larger
36
Q

Ornithischia

A
  • Backward-facing pubis bone
  • All herbivores
37
Q

Heterodonty

A

Having specialized tooth shapes in different parts of the jaw

38
Q

Chewing Surface

A

The most worn areas of the teeth

39
Q

Herbivore Teeth

A

Typically wide with complex ridges for grinding plant material

40
Q

Carnivore Teeth

A

Generally long and sharp

41
Q

Mammoth vs. Mastodon teeth

A

Since Mammoths primarily grazed and Mastodons ate leaves and twigs, mammoth teeth are fairly flat while mastodon teeth have high cones

42
Q

Proxies

A

Physical signatures that give information about ancient climates

43
Q

Leaf types and their corresponding information

A
  • Smooth margins indicate warmer weather
  • Larger leaves come from wet sites
44
Q

Microevolution

A

Changes in a species-level population over time, such as bacteria evolving resistance to penicillin. These changes can be viewed on a small scale and, geologically speaking, occur rather rapidly.

45
Q

Macroevolution

A

Occurs above the species level and involves vast amounts of time. Macroevolution addresses such questions as how dinosaurs gave rise to birds and how flowering plants originated.

46
Q

Generalists

A

These organisms do not have specific adaptations for a particular trait.

47
Q

Specialists

A

Have specific adaptations of a particular trait.

48
Q

Analogous Traits

A

Evolve via convergent evolution

49
Q

Homologous Traits

A

Have common ancestry

GEO 1306 (5 decks)

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