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GEO 1306 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

Covers Lectures 1-5

1
Q

Catastrophic View

A

The earth was shaped by large events

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2
Q

Uniform View

A

The present shapes the past

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3
Q

Types of catastrophic events

A

Volcanic Eruptions, Earthquakes, Landslides, Flooding

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4
Q

Volcanos to know

A

Krakatoa, Vesuvius, Mt. Pelee, Iceland

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5
Q

Krakatoa

A

Between Sumatra and Java in the Indian Ocean. Columns of ash and gas caused tsunamis.

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6
Q

Vesuvius

A

Located in Italy. Buried Pompeii

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7
Q

Mt. Pelee

A

On the Caribbean island of Martinique. Only one survivor

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8
Q

Iceland

A

Volcano is Heimaey, Iceland caused the landscape to grow due to its fountains of lava

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9
Q

Scale for measuring energy released during earthquales

A

Richter Scale

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10
Q

How does the Richter Scale grow? When does it become significant?

A

The Richter Scale is logarithmic. A 6 is when the damage becomes significant

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11
Q

Earthquakes to know

A

Central America, San Francisco, Northwest Wyoming, Alaska, Indian Ocean, Shenzhen and Tangshan

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12
Q

San Andreas Fault

A

Earthquake in 1906 located in San Francisco. Caused massive Kerosene fires from lanterns

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13
Q

Yellowstone

A

Located in Northwest Wyoming. Yellowstone has immense pressure that causes geysers

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14
Q

Alaska

A

9.2 Magnitude earthquake in 1964 that caused a large amount of land to shift quickly, which led to a massive tsunami that traveled all the way to Antarctica

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15
Q

Sumatra

A

Located in the Indian Ocean, this earthquake caused a tsunami that hit Africa and the Middle East

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16
Q

Shenzhen & Tangshan

A

Massive Chinese earthquakes that killed over 1 million people

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17
Q

Landslides & Floods to know

A

Western California, Mid-continent USA, Houston, New Orleans

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18
Q

Fort Atkinson

A

Located in Mid-continent USA, lost sight of the Missouri River via a flood event

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19
Q

Houston

A

Massive flood in fall of 1994

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20
Q

New Orleans

A

Hurricane Katrina in August of 2005

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21
Q

Subtle Changes

A

Climate Change, Human Change

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22
Q

Climate change examples to know

A

The mediterranean and middle east climate, glaciers and sea level fluctuation

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23
Q

Mediterranean/Middle East Climate Change

A

Used to be lush and habitable, now just deserts

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24
Q

Relation between glaciers and sea level

A

Glacial melt causes sea levels to rise as temperature increases

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25
Q

Delaware River

A

The painting showed in the lecture had ice on it, but now the river is thawed

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26
Q

Mt. Kilimminjaro

A

Experienced glacial melt

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27
Q

Rhone Glacier

A

Toe of the glacier is retreating over time

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28
Q

Types of Human Change

A

Subsidence, Artificial Reservoirs, Artificial Channeling, Atmospheric Modification

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29
Q

Subsidence

A

Building wells lowers the ground and expands flood plains

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30
Q

Artificial Reservoirs

A

Rivers feed into the reservoir and the shoreline is starved of sediment, increasing erosion

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31
Q

Artificial Channeling

A

Water is redirected to reroute it

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32
Q

Atmospheric Modification

A

Occurs via greenhouse gasses we produce

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33
Q

Age of the earth

A

About 5 billion years old

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34
Q

Deep Time

A

Geologic time is much larger and is based on the rate and frequency of change

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35
Q

Types of Change

A

Linear and Non-Linear

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36
Q

Fossil

A

Remains or traces of prehistoric life preserved in rocks or sediment of the earths surface

  • Canadian outcrop coral in the Rocky’s
  • Lake Belton: Oysters, Clams, Snails
  • Alberta River Valley - Bone, tooth
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37
Q

Ancient Greek Fossil Ideas

A

Suggested creatures crawled, were carried by birds, or were washed in to the unusual environments in which they were found. This implies that the fossils are younger than the rock that they are in

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38
Q

Da Vinci’s Observations

A

Along the coast of Italy Da Vinci concluded that modern creatures were connected to ancient ones

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39
Q

Steno’s Principles

A
  • Superposition - Older is deeper if undisturbed
  • Original Horizontality - Strata is originally horizontal, so inclines must be deformities
  • Lateral Continuity - Strata stretches in all directions or terminates against the edges of the basin of deposition
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40
Q

Principle of fossil correlation

A

Coined by William Smith. Like assemblages of fossils are of like age, so strata containing them must also be of like age. Relies on the concept of index fossils

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41
Q

Index Fossils

A

Easily recognized, widespread, lived over a short period of time

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42
Q

Catastrophism as fossil change

A

Catastrophic events killed off certain species (Cuvier, 1800s)

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43
Q

Catastrophism & Special Creators theory

A

Catastrophic events lead to the creation of new life via succession after 27 events (D’Orbigny, 1859)

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44
Q

Descent by evolution

A

Ancestral population gives rise to diverse descendants via environmental pressures (Darwin, 1859)

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45
Q

Neptunism

A

Universal ocean and flood explains how the earth came to be the way it is. Sea level used to be much higher. Considers the earth to be static (A. Werner, 1787)

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46
Q

Plutonism

A

Dynamic earth, internal heat creates igneous rock. Uplift results in erosion of landscape and unconformities (James Hutton)

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47
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Present is the key to the past (Charles Lyell)

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48
Q

Rock

A

Consolidated aggregate of mineral grains, particles of other rocks, and organic materials

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49
Q

Mineral

A

Naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly internal structure

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50
Q

Igneous Rock Types

A

Intrusive and Extrusive

51
Q

Intrusive (Plutonic)

A

Crystalize from cooling magma, characterized by phaneritic (crystalline) texture

52
Q

Magma

A

Molten rock beneath the earths surface

53
Q

Extrusive (Volcanic)

A

Forms from cooling lava, characterized by aphanitic (finely crystalline) or glassy texture; Basalt and Obsidian

54
Q

Lava

A

Molten rock extruded onto the earths surface

55
Q

Pumice and Scoria

A

Formed when lava instantly cools

56
Q

Pahoehoe

A

Ropey lava texture from quickly cooling lava

57
Q

Lithification

A

The process of compaction and cementation that turns sediment into sedimentary rock

58
Q

Detrital

A

Composed of other rocks

59
Q

Detrital Rock Types

A

Shale (silt particles), Sandstone (sand particles), Conglomerate (particles > 2mm)

60
Q

Chemical Classification

A

The process of accumulating biological or inorganic chemical precipitants

61
Q

Types of Chemical Rock

A

Limestone, Coal, Evaporites

62
Q

Limestone

A

Calcite produced by sea creature skeletons is lithified into sedimentary rock forming CaCO3

63
Q

Coal

A

Living creatures are compacted to form peat and with further compaction form greater types of coal

64
Q

Evaporites

A

Precipitate inorganically from water

65
Q

Halite

A

NaCl, is in evaporite used for table salt

66
Q

Sedimentary Classification

A

Sedimentary rocks are classified by mineral composition, texture (grain size, sorting, roundness), sedimentary structures, maturity, and fossils

67
Q

Sedimentary Utility

A

Sedimentary rocks help us understand the history of environments and have economical significance (sheetrock, asphalt, fossil fuels)

68
Q

Metamorphic Rock

A

Sedimentary or Igneous rocks exposed to extreme heat and pressure can be converted to metamorphic rock

69
Q

Metamorphic Rock Examples

A

Shale -> Slate, Limestone -> Marble

70
Q

Rock Cycle

A

Igneous -> Sedimentary -> Metamorphic

71
Q

Environments of deposition

A

Terrestrial & Marine

72
Q

Terrestrial Deposition

A

Deserts, Glaciers, Fluvial bodies, Lacustrine

73
Q

Eolian Sedimentary Features

A

Texture (size, sorting, roundness) and Sedimentary Structures like large-scale cross beds, roots, animal tracks, and desert pavement

74
Q

Desert Landforms

A

Alluvial Fans, Playa Lakes (full of evaporites), Desert Pavement, and Sand Dunes

75
Q

Sand Dune

A

Mechanical sedimentary structure via large scale crossbedding

76
Q

Glacial Features

A

Ice, Till, Moraines, Erratics, Striated Surfaces, Lakes, Outwash Fluvial, U-shaped valleys, Cirques, Aretes, Ice-Rafted Debris

77
Q

Moraines

A

Mounds created by glacial deposits

78
Q

Striated Surface

A

Looks like grooves/scratches

79
Q

Cirque

A

Bowl shaped glacier

80
Q

Arete

A

Sharp peaks caused by colliding or adjacent glaciers

81
Q

Braided Rivers

A

eMultiple channels separated by bars of sediment. They occur with steep slops and abundant sediment. Common in mountainous and arid environments

82
Q

Meandering Rivers

A

Individual channels that migrate by point bar deposition and cut-back erosion. Common in humid, low relief areas

83
Q

Oxbow Lake

A

Form when a meandering rivers cut-back reaches the other side of a curve and break through the wall

84
Q

Lacustrine Basin

A

When sediment accumulates in a lake or pond

85
Q

Ocean Features

A

Continental Shelf (Beach and Shallow Marine), Continental Slope, Continental Rise, and the Abyssal Plain (Pelagic Sediment)

86
Q

Beach

A

Anywhere between high and low tide

87
Q

Shallow Marine

A

Portion of sea floor between low tide and where waves disturb the sea floor

88
Q

Delta

A

Mouth of a river provides sediment faster than the ocean can erode it, leading to fan-like structures

89
Q

Sand Bar

A

Calcite deposits in warm, shallow, average sea water

90
Q

Marine Sediments

A

Detrital sediment is provided mostly by rivers/streams, and Pelagic sediment is extremely fine sediment that accumulates on the Abyssal Plain

91
Q

Sedimentary Facies

A

Body of sediment characterized by a distinctive set of chemical, physical, and biological attributes (lithified depositional environment)

92
Q

Transgression

A

Relative/absolute rise in sea level

93
Q

Regression

A

Relative/absolute fall in sea level

94
Q

Walther’s Law

A

Johannes Walther 1860-1937 – sedimentary facies within a vertical succession of strata must have been deposited in adjacent depositional environments

95
Q

Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships

A

A rock that cuts across another rock is the younger of the two (Steno)

96
Q

Principle of Inclusions (Sir Lyell Charles)

A

A rock body that contains fragments of another is the younger of the two

97
Q

Anticline

A

Sad face, folded upwards

98
Q

Syncline

A

Happy face, folded downwards

99
Q

Fault

A

Break in the earths crust with movement

100
Q

Fracture

A

Break with no movement

101
Q

Normal Fault

A

Hanging wall slips downward relative to the footwall

102
Q

Reverse Fault

A

Hanging wall is pushed upward relative to the footwall

103
Q

Strike-Slip (Transform)

A

Adjacent blocks slip horizontally

104
Q

Unconformity

A

A surface of erosion or non-deposition within the geologic record

105
Q

Nonconformity

A

Between older igneous/metamorphic rocks and younger sedimentary rocks

106
Q

Angular Unconformity

A

Separates underlying tilted sedimentary rocks from overlying strata overlapping parallel to the unconformity surface

107
Q

Disconformity

A

Between parallel sedimentary rock

108
Q

Types of Geologic Dating

A

Relative and Numerical

109
Q

Stratigraphic Types

A

Lithostratigraphic and Biostratigraphic

110
Q

Lithostratigraphic Units

A
  • Based on homogenous rock properties: lithology, mineralogy, sedimentary structures, fossils
  • No time connotation
  • Fossils act as physical criteria only
111
Q

Lithostratigraphic Classifications

A

Super group, group, formation, member, bed

112
Q

Lithostratigraphic Formation

A

Most basic rock unit. Mappable on the earths surface with distinctive upper and lower boundaries. This is the fundamental unit of stratigraphy

113
Q

Lithostratigraphic Naming

A
  • Binomial naming (both capitalized)
  • First name is for locality of best-exposure or diagnostic characteristics
  • Second is a unit designation or dominant lithology
114
Q

Biozone

A
  • Fundamental unit of biostratigraphy
  • Interval of strata characterized by an index fossil
115
Q

Range Zone

A

Defined by the total geologic range of a particular fossil group

116
Q

Concurrent Range Zone

A

Established by plotting the overlapping ranges of fossils that have differing ranges

117
Q

Facies Fossil

A

Fossil types that are restricted to one or more depositional environments. The enemies of biostratigraphy

118
Q

Correlation on Outcrop

A

Tracing out rock bodies by walking out, air photos, satellite images, and lateral continuity

119
Q

Lithostratigraphic Correlation

A

Applying lateral continuity for correlation

120
Q

Correlation Beneath Earth’s Surface

A
  • Data from wells (cores, logs) as well as seismic data
  • Sound imagery can be used to collect seismic data to show layers and structures
  • Density can be measured to create a group
121
Q

How To Establish Time Equivalence

A
  • Trace individual beds
  • Key Beds (e.g. volcanic ash)
  • Position in a transgressive-regressive cycle
  • Fossil Correlation
122
Q

Geologic Time Scale Established In

A

Western Europe

123
Q

Gradualism

A

Earths history is in delicate balance and equilibrium

GEO 1306 (5 decks)

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