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GEO 1306 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Fossil

A

Remains or traces of prehistoric life preserved in sedimentary rocks

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2
Q

Body Fossils

A

Shells, bones, teeth, and soft tissue

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3
Q

Trace Fossils

A

Tracks, trails, burrows, nests, and feces

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4
Q

Conditions for fossilization

A
  • Durable Skeleton
  • Lived where quick burial was likely
  • Avoided decay, scavenging, and metamorphism
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5
Q

Types of Preservation

A

Unaltered remains, altered remains, and traces

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6
Q

Unaltered Remains

A

Maintain their original structure and composition

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7
Q

Types of Unaltered Remains

A

Amber, mummification, freezing, preservation in peat, and preservation in tar

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8
Q

Amber

A

Lithified tree resin

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9
Q

Mummification

A

Preservation of an organisms soft tissues by removing water from the body (very fragile)

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10
Q

Preservation in Peat

A
  • Peat forms in standing bodies of water as plant material accumulates faster than it decomposes
  • Bacteria consumes the oxygen in the water and dies so that there is nothing to decompose other organisms in the water
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11
Q

Preservation in Tar

A

Tar forms when oil migrates up into a standing pool on the earths surface. Animals wander in and get trapped, preserving the animals hard parts

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12
Q

Altered Remains

A

Fossils that have been changed structural or chemically

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13
Q

Permineralization

A

Mineral matter is added to the pores and crevices of bones, teeth, and shells after burial, which increases their structural integrity

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14
Q

Recrystallization

A

Unstable compounds recrystallize to more stable compounds with no change in composition

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15
Q

Replacement

A

Original skeletal material is replaced by a compound of different composition
* Pyrite (FeS2)
* Chert (SiO2)

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16
Q

Carbonization

A

Volatile elements (Oxygen & Hydrogen) of organic matter vaporize leaving behind a carbon film

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17
Q

Trace Fossils

A

Indirect evidence of the occurrence of life or biological activity in the sedimentary rock record

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18
Q

Types of Traces

A

Molds/Casts, Tracks/Trails, Boring/Burrows, and Gastroliths

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19
Q

Molds and Casts

A
  • Shell buried in sediment
  • Dissolution creates a mold
  • Mold is filled with sediment to form a cast
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20
Q

Gastrolith

A

Stomach stones

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21
Q

Limitations

A

Preservation Bias and Discovery Bias

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22
Q

Preservation Bias

A

The odds of life being preserved in the rock record are very small, so we only know of what was preserved

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23
Q

Discovery Bias

A

We only know about the fossils that we can discover

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24
Q

Organic Evolution

A

Changes through time inherited from one generation to the next

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25
Q

Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

A

Inherited morphological change from physical efforts through time (Jean Baptiste de Lamarck - 1700s’)

Revealed through observation of Giraffes

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26
Q

Theory of Natural Selection

A

Survival of the fittest (Charles Darwin, “Origin of Species” 1859)

Observed different traits of Galapagos Finches on the HMS Beagle Tour

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27
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Species arises when a small part of a population is geographically separated from its parent population

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28
Q

Phyletic Gradualism

A

Species arises from gradual accumulation of minor changes from ancestor to descendant

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29
Q

Punctuated Equillibrium

A

Species change little during most of history and then evolve rapidly to give rise to new species

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30
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of a group of organisms, which is limited by the amount of fossil material available

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31
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

Interbreeding population gives rise to diverse descendants

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32
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Development of similar characteristics in distantly-related organisms – like the Ichthyosaur and the Bottlenose Dolphin

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33
Q

Parallel Evolution

A

Similar characteristics is closely related organisms – like the Ostrich and Emu

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34
Q

Cladistics

A

Study of relationships derived from the word clade – relationships communicated via a cladogram are based on derived characteristics

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35
Q

Clade

A

Group of organisms closer to each other in morphology than another group

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36
Q

Extinction

A

State of dying out and having no living descendants

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37
Q

Psuedoextinction

A

Species evolves into a new species so different that its ancestors can be considered extinct

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38
Q

Mass Extinction

A

Multiple groups of organisms die out simultaneously

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39
Q

Linnaean Name System

A

Coined by Carolus Linnaeus in the 1700s – Generic Form, Species

Based on structural similarities

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40
Q

Linnaean Taxons

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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41
Q

Species

A

Populations composed of individuals essentially alike in structural and functional characteristics that are potentially able to interbreed and have viable offspring

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42
Q

Major Kingdoms

A

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae

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43
Q

Kingdom Animalia Phylum’s

A

Porifera, Cnidaria, Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Cordota

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44
Q

Kingdom Monera

A

Single celled, no nucleus

45
Q

Kingdom Protista

A

Single celled, nucleus

46
Q

Kingdom Fungi

A

Nucleus, nonvascular

47
Q

Kingdom Animalia

A

Multicellular, differentiated tissue, feed on other organisms

48
Q

Kingdom Plantae

A

Multicellular, vascular system

49
Q

Atom

A

Smallest divisible unit retaining characteristics of a specific element

50
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons in the atomic nucleus

51
Q

Atomic Mass Units

A

Protons + Neutrons

52
Q

Decay

A

The process where the nucleus of an unstable isotope transforms into another atomic nucleus

53
Q

Isotope

A

Forms of the same elements with different atomic mass numbers

54
Q

Piere and Marie Curie

A

Developed the ideas behind radioactive decay in 1903

55
Q

Alpha Decay

A

Loss of 2 protons and 2 neutrons
Atomic number -2
Atomic mass -4

56
Q

Beta Decay

A

Electron emits from the electron shell causing a neutron to convert to a proton
Atomic Number +1
No change in Atomic Mass

57
Q

Electron Capture

A

Proton captures an electron and converts it to a neutron
Atomic Number -1
No change in Atomic Mass

58
Q

Half-life

A

Time it takes for half of the parent element to decay to the atoms of a more stable daughter element
Constant regardless of external conditions
A key ingredient in crystallized minerals is often an unstable element

59
Q

Common isotope pairs

A

Uranium -> Lead
Thorium -> Lead
Rubidium -> Strontium
Potassium -> Argon

60
Q

How does C14 form

A

Cosmic rays cause Nitrogen to form C14 that is absorbed by living organisms

61
Q

Proportion of C14

A

The proportion of C14, C13, and C12 is consistent with the atmosphere
Once an organism dies, C14 starts to decay

62
Q

Issues with Carbon-14 Dating

A
  1. Metamorphism causes rocks to partially melt and recrystallize which basically resets it
  2. Organic matter like bacteria or smoke can skew results
  3. Accuracy of laboratory analysis
63
Q

Fission Track Dating

A
  • Alpha decay of Uranium in igneous rocks damages the crystal leaving streaks behind
  • Observing fission tracks can show the proportion of Uranium that has decayed
64
Q

Hot Origins

A

Comets carry portions of the sun that would cool into planets

65
Q

Cool Origins

A

Cold mass evolves into hot mass as it’s compressed through time

66
Q

Nebular Hypothesis

A

The Solar Nebula (Accretion disk of dust and gas) compressed causing a nuclear reaction and the creation of a protostar

67
Q

What does the Nebular Hypothesis explain?

A
  • The planet order as lighter protoplanets were carried farther away from the sun
  • planet star orbit as the protoplanets orbited around the nebula
68
Q

Comet

A

Material traveling tangentially to planets

69
Q

Shoemaker-Levy 9

A

A comet in orbit of Jupiter that split into fragments because of gravitational forces. These fragments hit Jupiter and displaced gas showcasing the accretionary process

70
Q

Mohorovicic Discontinuity

A

The boundary between the earths crust and mantle at which there is a drastic increase in sound energy speed

71
Q

Where does sound energy slow back down after the moho?

A

The asthenosphere because it is partially molten

72
Q

Layers of the earth

A

Lithosphere, Moho, Asthenosphere, Mesosphere, Outer core, Inner core

73
Q

Origin of the magnetic field

A

The liquid outer core moves from west to east, generating a magnetic field

74
Q

Magnetic Reversal

A

About every 200,000-300,000 years the magnetic field switches

75
Q

Density of Continental Lithosphere

A

2.7g/cm^3
Similar to granite

76
Q

Density of Oceanic Lithosphere

A

2.9g/cm^3
Similar to basalt

77
Q

Density of Asthenosphere

A

3.3-5.7g/cm^3
Similar to olivine

78
Q

Density of the Outer Core

A

9.9 to 12.2 g/cm³

79
Q

Density of the Inner Core

A

12.8 to 13.1 g/cm³

80
Q

Density/Chemical Differentiation

A

Process that created the internal zonation of the earth

81
Q

What is the composition of the earths core?

A

By supposition we know that the core is primarily composed of Iron and Nickle

82
Q

What age are the oldest known crytals?

A

4.4 BY

83
Q

What are some locations where old crystals where found?

A

Greenland, Australia, NW Canada, Hudson Bay, Canada, Wyoming, China

84
Q

Outgassing Hypothesis

A

Lightest elements go to the surface and are emitted into the atmosphere

85
Q

Continental Drift

A

F.B. Taylor - describes how the depressions between continental and oceanic plates would fill with sediment and then get compressed

86
Q

Continental Puzzle

A

A. Wegner - proposed a Pangea supercontinent

87
Q

Correlating fossil records

A

A.L. Du Toit - fossil records suggest continents used to be connected

88
Q

H.H. Hess 1962

A

Discovered evidence of Continental Drift via sea floor spreading from mid-ocean ridges. Convection cells in the asthenosphere cause molten lava to rise

89
Q

Paleomagnetisism

A

Lava has many iron rich minerals that will orient themselves parallel to earths magnetic field when they crystalize

90
Q

Polar Wandering

A

Movement of earth’s poles. Originally used to explain paleomagnetism inconsistencies

91
Q

Linear Magnetic Anomolies

A

Magma that forms at mid-ocean ridges will orient opposite ways as the poles switch

92
Q

Sea floor ages

A

Samples of lithosphere further from the ridges are older

93
Q

Hot Spots

A

Plumes in the asthenosphere push through the lithosphere creating volcanic hot spots

94
Q

Distribution of flora and fauna

A

Permian - Glossopteris flora and reptiles
Mesosaurs in Africa and South America

95
Q

Similar stratigraphic successions

A

Successions of Mississippian-Jurassic found globally, so similar deposition histories support Continental Drift

96
Q

Plate Techtonics (A. Wegner)

A

Divergent Boundary
Convergent Boundary
Transverse (Transform) Boundary

97
Q

What happens at convergent boundaries?

A
  • Volcanic arcs
  • Subduction and mountain building
98
Q

Subduction

A

One plate sinks under the other and forms a volcanic arc

99
Q

Ocean Arc Complex

A

Oceanic crust sinking beneath other oceanic crust

100
Q

Mountain Building

A

Continental crust can’t sink under other continental crust so mountain ranges are created

101
Q

What does Plate Techtonics explain?

A
  • Distribution of earthquakes around convergent and transform boundaries
  • Distribution of volcanos around subduction zones
  • Distribution of mountains around convergent boundaries
102
Q

Phylum Porifera

A

Sponges

103
Q

Phylum Cnidera

A

Jellyfish and Coral

104
Q

Phylum Brachiopoda

A

Lamp shells

105
Q

Phylum Bryozoa

A

Moss

106
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

Clams, Octopi, Snails

107
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A

Crustaceans, Shrimp, Insects, Spiders

108
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A

Starfish

109
Q

Phylum Cordota

A

Backbones and spines (humans and mammals)

GEO 1306 (5 decks)

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