LAB FINAL Flashcards
Anterior pituitary hormones
TSH
ACTH
GH
LH
FSH
Prolactin
TSH
regulates thyroid gland
ACTH
regulates adrenal gland
GH
regulates long bone growth, muscle growth and development, fat and carbohydrate metabolism
LH and FSH
regular reproductive function in males and females
Prolactin
promotes milk synthesis (lactation)
What are the two hormones of the posterior pituitary?
Vasopressin (ADH)
Oxytocin (OT)
Why measure hormone levels? (3)
- to make diagnosis
- determine reproductive status of an animal
- study the effects of exposure to environmental hormones
Collecting saliva can only be used to measure what kind of hormones?
steroid hormones
Serum
all proteins without clotting proteins
Plasma
clotting proteins
Cephalic venipuncture
- cephalic vein
- front of forelimb
Jugular vein
caudal third of the jugular vein
Medial saphenous vein
medial aspect of the rear leg
Lateral saphenous vein
lateral aspect of the rear leg
Femoral venipuncture
medial aspect of the upper hind limb
What does ELISA stand for?
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
What does ELISA do?
an immunological assay commonly used to measure antibodies, antigens, proteins and hormones in biological samples
Examples for use of ELISA
diagnosis of various infections
pregnancy tests
measurement of cytokines or soluble receptors in cell supernatant
Secondary antibodies recognize
y antibodies
Direct ELISA
suitable for determining the amount of high molecular weight antigens
Indirect ELISA
useful for diagnosing infection by bacteria, viruses, or a parasite
Sandwich ELISA
two sets of antibodies are used to detect secreted products
Competitive ELISA
useful for identifying small molecules such as cAMP, oxytocin, and steroid hormones
Acidophils (which tropes are part of)
have cytoplasm that stains red/orange
Lactotrope
Somatrope
Basophils (which tropes are part of)
have cytoplasm that stains bluish
Gonadotrope
Corticotrope
Thyrotrope
Gonatrope
Thyrotrope
Lactotrope
Somatotrope
Corticotrope
LH/FSH
TSH
Prolactin
Growth hormone
ACTH
Hyperprolactinemia
elevated prolactin due to prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors
Acromegaly
excessive growth hormone
- excessive growth hormone from a tumor in the pituitary gland
Gigantism
- increase GH during childhood
- starts in an immature animal or person
- excessively tall, heart failure
Acromegaly (symptoms)
- thickening of the facial bones
- enlarged extremities (paws, hands)
- jaws get thicker, gums
Acromegaly in adults vs. children
adults: overgrowth of tissues and certain bones of the body over many years
children: increased height (gigantism)
Hypopituitarism
low pituitary hormone secretion, involving one or more pituitary hormones
Prolactinoma (Hyperprolactinemia)
elevated prolactin due to prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors
Nucleus is what color?
lighter red, pink-like
Diabetes insipidus
causes the body to make too much urine, and kidneys cannot properly concentrate urine
- posterior pituitary
- deficiency of ADH
Primary hypothyroidism
high TSH level indicates that the thyroid gland is not making enough thyroid hormone, loss of negative feedback
Secondary hypothyroidism
low TSH may result from an abnormality in the pituitary gland, which prevents it from making enough TSH to stimulate the thyroid
T4 is the main form of
thyroid hormone circulating in the blood
Hyperthyroidism (signs/symptoms) popular in dogs or cats
- weight loss
- diarrhea
- heat intolerant
- high metabolic rate
- tachycardia
- goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland)
pop in dogs
Hypothyroidism (signs/Symp) popular in dogs or cats
- weight gain
- low metabolic rate
- lethargic
- alopecia (hair loss)
- dark skin areas (hyperpigmentation)
- bradycardia (Low HR)
pop in older cats
Hyperthyroidism (Regular)
low tsh
high t4
Hypothyroidism (primary)
high tsh
low t4
Hypothyroidism (secondary)
low tsh
low t4
Counter-regulatory hormones
glucagon
GH
thyroid hormone
epinephrine
Cortisol
all acting against insulin
Blood Glucose: insulin
lowers
Blood Glucose: glucagon
increases
Blood Glucose: epinephrine
increases
Blood Glucose: GH
increases
Blood Glucose: Cortisol
increases
Diabetes Mellitus
hyperglycemia
fatigue
glucosuria
polyuria
polydipsia
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
beta (insulin-producing) cells of the pancreas are destroyed
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
mostly associated with insulin resistance
Accumulation of fat in the midsection and upper body increases the risk of
diabetes (type 2)
Fasting Blood Glucose (normal, prediabetes, diabetes)
70-99 mg/dL normal
100-125 mg/dL prediabetes
Above 126 mg/dL diabetes
Mg/dL to mmol/L
mmol/L to Mg/dL
divide by 18
multiply by 18
Addison’s Disease
low cortisol
hypoglycemia
adrenal insufficiency
low aldosterone
hypotension
fatigue
thirst
Cushing’s Disease
excess secretion of ACTH
overproduction of cortisol
Cushing’s Disease: Signs/Symptoms
weight gain in the abdominal area
hyperglycemia
hypertension
facial hair
incr aldosterone
incr androgens
muscle wasting
Adrenal Cortex
Zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids; aldosterone)
Zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids; cortisol)
Zona reticularis (androgens; DHEA, androstenedione
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine
norepinephrine
Thyroid Axis (trace)
Hypothalamus
TRH
Anterior Pituitary gland
TSH
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Hormone
Negative feedback: Thyroid hormone to thyroid gland, anterior pituitary gland, hypothalamus
Stress Axis (trace)
Hypothalamus
CRH
Anterior Pituitary Gland
ACTH
Adrenal Gland
Cortisol
Negative feedback: Cortisol to Adrenal Gland, Anterior pituitary gland, hypothalamus
Reproductive Axis (trace)
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Anterior Pituitary gland
LH
Testes
Testosterone
Negative feedback: testosterone to Testes, Anterior pituitary gland, hypothalamus
