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Endocrinology and Mammalian Reproduction > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Gonads (male)

A

testes

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2
Q

Gonads (female)

A

ovaries

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3
Q

The ____ produce sex cells

A

gonads

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4
Q

At puberty: the secretion rates of the hormones from the…

A

gonads increased markedly. This is the period of active reproduction

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5
Q

What are the hormones drive the testes?

A

Hypothalamus drives GnRH, then secretes Lh/FSH, then secretes testosterone

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6
Q

Male Reproductive Function: Essential reproductive functions (2)

A
  1. production of sperm
  2. delivery of sperm to the female tract
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7
Q

Sperm production aka

A

spermatogenesis

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8
Q

Spermatogenesis occurs in

A

the testes

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9
Q

Testes are housed in

A

the scrotum which provides cooler environment for sperm development

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10
Q

Accessory sex glands provide…

A

secretions (semen) in which the sperm are transported

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11
Q

Puberty (2) male

A
  1. Nocturnal sleep-related increase in pulsatile LH secretion stimulated by an increase in pulsatile GnRH
  2. Sensitivity of the hypothalamus and pituitary to negative feedback is reduced (maturation of the CNS)
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12
Q

The time of onset of puberty includes a

A

heritability factor

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13
Q

Affected by sensory inputs such as (6)

A
  • growth
  • body fat/composition (leptin)
  • diet
  • stress
  • gonadal steroids
  • endocrine disruptors
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14
Q

Puberty (Appearance of the Secondary Sexual Characteristics) male

A
  1. pubic and axillary hair
  2. facial hair
  3. thickening of skin
  4. growth spurt
  5. increase in skeletal muscle mass
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15
Q

Production of testosterone by the…

A

Leydig cells (interstitial cells) - stimulated by LH

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16
Q

Testosterone is a

A

steroid hormone (derived from cholesterol)

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17
Q

Testosterone binds to its

A

intracellular receptor and leads to transcription of genes

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18
Q

Functions of Testosterone (5)

A
  1. Effects on the reproductive system before birth
  2. Effects on sex-specific tissues after birth
  3. Effects on the brain
  4. Effects on secondary sexual characteristics
  5. Nonreproductive actions
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19
Q

Effects on the reproductive system before birth (Test)

A
  1. masculinization of the reproductive tract and external genitalia
  2. promotes descent of tests into scrotum
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20
Q

Effects on sex-specific tissues after birth (test)

A
  1. growth and maturation of the reproductive system at puberty
  2. spermatogenesis
  3. maintains male reproductive tract in adulthood
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21
Q

Effects on the brain (test)

A
  1. sex drive (libido)
  2. controls gonadotropin (LH and FSH) secretion
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22
Q

Effects on secondary sexual characteristics (test)

A
  1. male pattern of hair growth (e.g. facial hair)
  2. deepening of voice
  3. muscle growth - male physique
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23
Q

Nonreproductive functions (test)

A
  1. protein anabolic effect
  2. bone growth at puberty
  3. closure of epiphyseal plates (conversion to estrogen)
  4. aggressive behavior (conversion to estrogen)
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24
Q

Testosterone has three fates…

A
  1. Testosterone, bone, muscle growth
  2. Conversion to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
  3. conversion to estrogen
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25
Q

DHT (2) (testo)

A
  1. responsible for secondary sex characteristics in males
  2. effects on the accessory sex organs
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26
Q

Estrogen (3) (testo)

A
  1. usually occurs in the brain
  2. responsible for libido
  3. aggressive behavior
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27
Q

Spermatogenesis (location)

A

takes place in the seminiferous tubules which make up 80% of testicular volume

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28
Q

Sperm mature and are stored in

A

the epididymides until ejaculation

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29
Q

Within the seminiferous tubules sustentacular cells (sertoli cells)

A

support the developing sperm

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30
Q

Spermatogenesis is stimulated by ___&____

A

FSH and testosterone

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31
Q

FSH and testosterone have a direct effect on

A

Sertoli cells which then support spermatogenesis

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32
Q

Spermatogenesis is the

A

process of sperm formation

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33
Q

Spermatogonia are the…

A

stem cells used to generate mature sperm and continue to divide to produce more spermatogonia

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34
Q

Type A Spermatogonia

A

maintain the germ line

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35
Q

Type B Spermatogonia

A

pushed toward the lumen and become primary spermatocytes

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36
Q

Prior to puberty spermatogonia

A

only divide by mitosis

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37
Q

Spermatogenesis (Stage 1)

A

forming spermatocytes
- type be spermatogonia become primary spermatocytes

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38
Q

Spermatogenesis (Stage 2)

A

Meiosis
- meiosis I: each primary spermatocyte forms 2 smaller haploid cells (secondary spermatocytes)
- meiosis II: formation of small round spermatids

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39
Q

Spermatogenesis (Stage 3)

A

spermiogenesis
- spermatids elongate, shed excess cytoplasm and form a tail
- result: spermatozoan (sperm)

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40
Q

Primary spermatocyte =

A

2n

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41
Q

Secondary spermatocyte =

A

n, haploid

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42
Q

Main Steps of Spermatogenesis

A
  1. Mitosis (cell division)
    - production of primary spermatocyte (2n)
  2. Meiosis I
    - production of secondary spermatocyte (n, haploid)
  3. Meiosis II
    - production of spermatids (n, haploid)
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43
Q

Spermatogenesis takes how long

A

65-75 days

44
Q

Overall result (spermatogenesis)

A

23 pairs of homologous chromosomes is reduced to a set of 23 chromosomes per sperm

45
Q

Sertoli cells are bound to each other by tight junctions, forming the blood testis barrier. What is the role of Sertoli cells?

A

prevents membrane antigens of the differentiating sperm from escaping through the basal lamina and into the bloodstream - preventing immune reactions

46
Q

Summary: Control of Testicular Function (3) its a lot

A
  1. GnRH indirectly stimulates the testes through its effects on LH and FSH release
  2. The gonadotropins (FSH and LH) directly stimulate the testes
  3. Gonadal hormones (testosterone and inhibin) regulate secretion of the hypothalamus (GnRH) and anterior pituitary (LH, FSH)
47
Q

Female Reproductive Functions (4)

A
  1. production of ova (oogenesis)
  2. transport of sperm and ovum to common site for union (fertilization or conception)
  3. maintenance of developing fetus
  4. giving birth (parturition)
48
Q

The ovaries functions (3)

A
  1. produce ova
  2. secrete reproductive hormones (estrogen&progesterone)
  3. The production of ovarian hormones is under the control of the anterior pituitary gland
49
Q

Oogenesis means

A

beginning of an egg

50
Q

Oogenesis (fetal period) (3)

A
  1. Diploid stem cells (oogonia) multiply by mitosis
  2. oogonia are transformed into primary oocytes surrounded by 1 layer of follicular cells (primary follicles)
  3. primary oocytes begin meiosis I but are arrested in prophase I
51
Q

Oogenesis (after birth) (2)

A
  1. Start with approx. 2 million primary oocytes
  2. quiescence in the ovary
52
Q

Oogenesis (at puberty) (3)

A
  1. recruitment of oocytes each month
  2. only 1 or 2 selected oocytes will be released and continue meiosis I, producing the first polar body and the secondary oocyte (each haploid, 23 chromosomes)
  3. secondary oocyte is arrested in meiosis II (until fertilization)
53
Q

End products of Oogenesis

A
  1. three tiny polar bodies - lack cytoplasm and nutrients; they eventually die
  2. one large ovum (functional)
54
Q

End products of spermatogenesis

A
  1. four viable gametes (spermatozoa)
55
Q

Ovarian cycle (3)

A
  1. monthly series of events associated with the maturation of the egg
  2. average 28 day cycle; can vary from 21-40 days
  3. ovulation (release of oocyte) occurs mid cycle, approx day 14
56
Q

Phases of the ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase
luteal phase

57
Q

Follicular phase (4)

A
  1. days 1-14
  2. characterized by the development of ovarian follicles
  3. estrogen is the dominant (major) reproductive hormone
  4. length determines the length of the cycle
58
Q

Luteal phase (4)

A
  1. post-ovulation
  2. days 14-28
  3. characterized by the presence of the corpus luteum
  4. progesterone is the dominant reproductive hormone
59
Q

Follicular phase process (4)

A
  1. primordial follicle becomes a primary follicle
  2. primary follicle becomes a secondary follicle
  3. secondary follicle becomes a late secondary follicle
  4. late secondary follicle becomes a Graafian (vesicular) follicle
60
Q

FSH produced by the gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary stimulates…

A

the development of follicles in the ovaries and production of estrogen by the follicular cells

61
Q

Follicles in the ovaries, mature, and release an…

A

oocyte (egg) in response to FSH and LH

62
Q

Ovulation (def)

A

rupturing of the ovarian wall and expulsion of the secondary oocyte surrounded by the corona radiata

63
Q

Ovulation (follicles)

A

1 follicle makes it to the Graafian (dominant) follicle stage, the others undergo atresia (die)
- dominant follicle has the most FSH receptors

64
Q

Graafian follicle is the

A

dominant follicle will undergo ovulation

65
Q

Pain is sometimes felt by women during..

A

ovulation (mittelschmerz)

66
Q

Ovulation stimulated by the surge of

A

LH

67
Q

Luteal phase (3)

A
  • follows ovulation
  • ruptured follicle collapses and antrum fills with clotted blood (corpus hemorrhagicum)
  • corpus luteum “yellow body” forms
68
Q

Corpus luteum

A
  • starts to secrete progesterone and estrogen
  • starts to deteriorate after approx. 10 days, leaving the corpus albicans, the “white body” in the last 2-3 days of the phase
69
Q

Hormonal regulation of the ovarian cycle

A
  1. GnRH is responsible for release of FSH and LH
  2. Pituitary gonadotropins stimulate the ovarian follicular cells to secrete estrogen/progesterone
  3. onset of puberty in females is linked to adiposity (fat tissue)
  4. menarche - first menstrual period (usually not ovulatory)
70
Q

Uterine (Menstrual Cycle) (days)

A

Days 1-5: Menstrual phase
Days 6-14: Proliferative Phase
Days 15-28: Secretory Phase

71
Q

Days 1-5 Menstrual phase

A

shedding of the endometrium (stratum functionalis) along with bleeding

72
Q

Endometrium

A

functional layer
- stratum functionalis

73
Q

Days 6-14 Proliferative Phase

A
  • endometrium is rebuilt, new function layer is generated (due to estrogen)
  • increase in # of progesterone receptors
  • estrogen causes the cervical mucus to become thin and watery (allow passage of sperm)
74
Q

Days 15-28 Secretory Phase (4)

A
  • endometrial glands secrete glycogen into the uterine cavity
  • if pregnancy does not occur, CL regresses and estrogen/progesterone lvls drop cause the shedding of the functional layer, cycle starts again
75
Q

Ovarian hormones

A
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
76
Q

Estrogen produced by

A
  • ovarian follicles
  • corpus luteum
77
Q

Estrogen effects

A
  • inhibits osteoclasts, deficiency leads to osteoporosis
  • proliferation of the uterine endometrium
  • secondary sex characteristics
  • produces ductal growth in the breast
78
Q

Progesterone produced by

A

corpus luteum

79
Q

Progesterone effects

A
  • responsible for the secretory phase in the uterus
  • increases growth of lobules in the breast
  • increases metabolic rate
80
Q

Estrogen and Secondary Sex characteristics

A
  • growth and development of the breasts
  • increased deposition of subcutaneous fat, especially in the hips and breasts
  • widening of and lightening of the pelvis (facilitate childbirth)
81
Q

Menopause

A
  • cessation of ovarian acitivty and menstruation
  • age around 50 years
  • estrogen withdrawal causes hot flashes, and atrophy of the vaginal wall and eventually osteoporsis
82
Q

The Estrous Cycle is approx…

A

21 days long

83
Q

Ovulation occurs at the end of

A

the follicular phase - coincident with estrus

84
Q

At least __waves of follicles develop during the follicular phase

A

3

85
Q

After ovulation…

A

the remaining follicular cells become the corpus luteum (CL)

86
Q

The CL secretes…

A

progesterone which is needed to establish pregnancy

87
Q

At approx day 17 of the estrous cycle…

A

the uterus secretes PGF2alpha, which causes the demise of the CL

88
Q

Ovulation happens between

A

the follicular phase and luteal phase

89
Q

Estrus is part of the end of the

A

follicular phase

90
Q

During estrus, estrogen levels are

A

high

91
Q

High estrogen causes

A

high LH

92
Q

LH peaks before

A

ovulation

93
Q

FSH is higher during the

A

follicular phase

94
Q

Fertilization (3)

A
  • fusion of sperm and egg to form the zygote
  • sperm viable for up to 5 days after ejaculation
  • egg viable for only 12-24 hours after ovulation
95
Q

Journey to egg takes 1-2 hours and only…

A

ONE sperm eventually fertilizes the egg

96
Q

To achieve fertilization…

A

coitus must occur no more than three days before ovulation or 24 hrs after ovulation

97
Q

Sperm Transport: fates of ejaculated sperm

A
  1. leak out of vagina immediately after deposition
  2. Destroyed by the acidic vaginal environment
  3. fail to make it through the cervix
  4. dispersed in the uterine cavity or destroyed by phagocytic leukocytes
  5. Reach the uterine tubes
98
Q

Sperm must undergo ___ before they can penetrate the oocyte

A

capacitation

99
Q

Capacitation

A
  • enhanced motility, removal of some membrane proteins to make their membrane less fragile to prepare or fertilization
  • process takes 8-10 hrs
100
Q

Spermatozoa must reside in the…

A

female tract before they acquire maximum fertility

101
Q

Spermatozoa and Capacitation (3)

A
  1. The plasma membrane of epididymal spermatozoa contains complement surface molecules
  2. Seminal plasma cots the membrane molecules
  3. Female tract environment removes the coatings exposing portions of the molecules that can bind with zona pellucida
102
Q

An ovulated oocyte is encapsulated by:

A
  • the corona radiata
  • the zona pellucida
103
Q

Sperm binds to____ and undergoes the acrosomal reaction

A

zona pellucida

104
Q

Acrosomal reaction

A
  • enzymes are released near the oocyte
  • hundreds of acrosomes release their enzymes to digest the zona pellucida
105
Q

Blocks to Polyspermy

A
  • only one sperm is allowed to pentrate the oocyte
  • two mechanisms ensure monospermy
106
Q

Polyspermy Mech (2)

A
  1. fast block to polyspermy: membrane depolarization prevents sperm from fusing with the oocyte membrane
  2. Slow block to polyspermy
107
Q

Slow Block to polyspermy

A
  • the cortisol granules release enzymes that destroy sperm receptors (cortical rxn)
  • these enzymes cause sperm already bound to receptors to detach

Endocrinology and Mammalian Reproduction (4 decks)

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