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Botany Lab > Lab Exercise 4 > Flashcards

Lab Exercise 4 Flashcards

1
Q

represents a very large group of mostly terrestrial organisms (250,000 species

A

Kingdom Plantae

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2
Q

How many terrestrial organisms are there in kingdom plantae

A

250k species

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3
Q

green algae that plants are found to have ancestral ties with

A

Charophyceae

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4
Q

what did plants inherit from charophyceae

A
  • membrane-bound organelles
  • cellulosic cell walls
  • chlorophyll a and b
  • development of phragmoplast
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5
Q

makes plants eukaryotic, photosynthetic, and organ-forming

A

phragmoplast

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6
Q

found similarities in some nuclear genes and ribosomal RNA in both charophytes and plants

A

Molecular systematics

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7
Q

Transition of plants from aquatic to terrestrial =

A

induced structural modifications that permit high survival

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8
Q

protective jacket of cells surrounding egg

A

archegonia

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9
Q

sperm-producing structures

A

antheridia

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10
Q

protective layer of cells covering the spore-producing structures

A

sporangia

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11
Q

waxy coating on the aerial parts
Specialized cells for water and food conduction

A

cuticle

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12
Q

the structural modifications of aquatic plants to terrestrial plants support what

A

diplohaplontic life cycle

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13
Q

first group of plants

A

bryophytes/non-vascular plants

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14
Q

found in almost all terrestrial habitats, but show greatest diversity in moist habitats

A

bryophytes

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15
Q

how many species of bryophytes are there

A

about 24k

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16
Q

how tall are bryophytes

A

usually 20mm

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17
Q

two important characteristics of bryophytes

A
  • absence of xylem and phloem
  • sporophyte is nutritionally dependent upon the gametophyte
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18
Q

3 groups of bryophytes

A
  • division marchantiophyta = liverworts
  • division anthocerotophyta = hornworts
  • division bryophyta = mosses
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19
Q

also known as hepatophyta

A

Division Marchantiophyta (liverworts)

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20
Q

2-20mm wide, 100mm long; non flowering; spore producing

A

Division Marchantiophyta (liverworts)

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21
Q

wort: ; liver: due to

A

small plant; lobe-like thallus

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22
Q

types of marchantiophyta

A
  • thallose liverworts
  • leafy liverworts
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23
Q

lobe-like, flattened, branching thallus

A

thallose liverworts

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24
Q

subgroups of thallose liverworts

A
  • complex thallose liverworts
  • simple thallose liverworts
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25
Q

thallus is composed of many cells thick; cells in different layers within the thallus have different function

A

complex thallose liverworts

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26
Q

no such differentiation of cell function within the thallus

A

simple thallose liverworts

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27
Q

produce flattened ‘stem’ with overlapping scales or ‘leaves’ in three ranks

A

leafy liverworts

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28
Q

thallose liverwort (sp ex)

A

Pelia epiphylla

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29
Q

characterized by a thallose gametophyte usually having a thin rosette or ribbon-like thallus

A

division anthocerotophyta (hornworts)

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30
Q

sporophyte are generally erect, photosynthetic, and needle-like
= uniquely posses pyrenoids

A

division anthocerotophyta

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31
Q

store starch and are commonly found in green algae

A

pyrenoids

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32
Q

how many chloroplast does division anthocerotophyta have

A

one per cell

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33
Q

occupied by cyanobacteria like nostoc (give the blue-green color) (division anthocerotophyta)

A

Internal mucilage-filled cavities

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34
Q

= small, leafy, dioecious bryophyte
= grows from 1 to 10cm tall
= ubiquitous in nature
= thrive in diverse habitats all around the world; commonly grow in clumps under shady or moist places

A

division bryophyta (mosses)

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35
Q

how tall are the members of division bryophyta

A

1-10cm

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36
Q

the gametophyte of moss externally resemble the ff:

A
  • stem
  • leaves
  • nodes
  • internodes
  • buds
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37
Q

classification of division bryophyta based on their water-conducting pathways

A
  • ectohydric
  • endohydric
  • myxohydric
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38
Q

rely on ecternal source of water and assimilate water through capillarity

A

ectohydric

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39
Q

consist of primitive vascular structure (functionally resembles xylem and phloem

A

endohydric

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40
Q

conduct photoassimilates of endohydric bryophytes

A

leptome

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41
Q

conduct water on endohydric bryophytes

A

hydromel

42
Q

capable to utilize both pathways of water

A

myxohydric

43
Q

life cycle order of non-vascular plants

A
  • haploid spore (on moist soils)
  • protonema (filamentous)
  • thallose/leafy gametophyte (dominant phase in its life)
44
Q

dioecious (either male or female)
= produce antheridia or archegonia when mature
If the habitat is flooded with rainwater = sperm emerge from antheridia and swim to the archegonoium; then, one sperm fertilizes one egg to form a diploid zygote

A

Gametophyte of most bryophytes

45
Q

what happens if the habitat of bryophytes is flooded with rainwater

A

sperm emerge from antheridia and swim to the archegonoium; then, one sperm fertilizes one egg to form a diploid zygote

46
Q

develops within the archegonium; produces a sporangium as it matures

A

diploid sporophyte

47
Q

produced due to meiosis within the sporangium

A

haploid spores

48
Q

parts of a thallus liverwort (TRAAGGM)

A
  • thallus
  • rhizoid
  • archegoniosphore
    = antheridiophore
  • gemmae cup
  • gemmae
  • midrib
49
Q

ribbon-like dichotomously-branched gametophyte lying on the surface of the fround

A

thallus

50
Q

hair-like projections at the ventral surface

A

rhizoid

51
Q

resembles miniature palm trees that bears the archegonia (site of egg production)

A

archegoniosphore

52
Q

small umbrella-like sturctures; bear numerous antheridia (sperm)

A

antheridiophore

53
Q

cup-like sturctures enclosing the gemmae

A

gemmae cups

54
Q

small discs of haploid tissue

A

gemmae

55
Q

thickest part of the thallus

A

midrib

56
Q

what stimulates the antheridia to release sperm

A

rain

57
Q

where diploid sporophytes develop

A

swollen archegonia

58
Q

parts of a liverwort sporophyte (FCSESP)

A
  • foot
  • capsule
  • seta
    -elaters
  • spores
  • protonema
59
Q

anchors the sporophyte in place; connects with the archegonia

A

foot

60
Q

spherical and ellipsoidal; site of spore productio

A

capsule

61
Q

connects foot and capsule

A

seta

62
Q

spring-like outer-cover covering
= push open the wall of the capsule to scatter the spores when the capsule bursts

A

elaters

63
Q

filaments; grow and form mature gametophyte

A

protonema

64
Q

found inside the capsule

A

spores

65
Q

has a non-photosynthetic sporophyte that is ventrally located under the disk of the archegoniophore

A

Marchantia sp.

66
Q

= both gametangia and sporangia are sunken in its thallus
= produces a simple sporophyte within the archegonia
= spores are only released when its thallus age and die

A

riccia

67
Q

gametophyte parts of a leafy liverwort (TSLAR)

A
  • thallus
  • stem
  • lateral appendages
  • amphigastria
  • rhizoids
68
Q

what is the position of the thallus of a leafy liverwort

A

dorsoventrally flattened

69
Q

cylindrical; give rise to rhizoids and three ranks of leaves

A

stem

70
Q

leaves on the dorsal side

A

lateral appendages

71
Q

= median appendages (smaller leaves) on the ventral side
= leaves have serrated margin; do not have any thickening (midrib or costa)

A

amphigastria

72
Q

parts of a hornwort gametophyte (TSR)

A
  • thallus
  • sporophyte
  • rhizoids
73
Q

parts of a hornwort sporophyte (FICCCSPSP)

A
  • foot
  • intercalary system
  • capsule
  • capsule wall
  • columella
  • sporogenous layer
  • pseudo-elaters
  • spore
  • protonema
74
Q

elongated structure; connected to the intercalary meristem of a hornwort sporophyte

A

capsule

75
Q

central cells; region of capsule which are sterile (hornwort sporophyte)

A

columella

76
Q

found between the capsule wall and columella
= produces pseudo-elaters and spores

A

sporogenous layer

77
Q

multicellular layer with spiral/helical thickenings that covers the spores and helps in spore dispersal

A

pseudo-elaters

78
Q

parts of a moss (SLRS)

A
  • stem
  • leaves
  • rhizoids
  • sporophyte
79
Q

tissue layer parts of a moss stem (HILOE)

A
  • hydroids
  • inner cortex
  • leptoids
  • outer cortex
  • epidermis
80
Q

constitute the leptome
= rings surround the hydroids or hydrome

A

leptoids

81
Q

consitute the hydrome (non-lignified cells found at the center)

A

hydroids

82
Q

how does water flow in mosses

A

simple diffusion

83
Q

water conducting cells (hydroids) and solute conducting cells (leptoids) are present in the medulla

A

family polytrichaceae

84
Q

parts of a sphagnum (HC)

A
  • hyaline cells
  • chlorophyllose cells
85
Q

transparent; with thread-like fibrils traversing the cell; one to several pores

A

hyaline cells

86
Q

photosynthetic cells; surrounds each hyaline cell

A

chlorophyllose cell

87
Q

parts of antheridia of mnium sp (ASP)

A
  • antheridia
  • spematogenous layer
  • paraphyses
88
Q

= club-shaped
= contains numerous biflagellated sperms
= forms into cluster with other antheridium; attached to the tip of the male moss stem by a stalk

A

antheridia of mnium

89
Q

= central tissue; where sperms develop; surrounded by a sterile jacket of cells

A

spermatogenous layer of mnium

90
Q

sterile filament of cells; inserted between antheridia for added protection

A

paraphyses

91
Q

parts of a moss capsule (CSOP)

A
  • columella
  • sporogenous cells
  • operculum
  • peristome teeth
92
Q

central column of sterile cells; surrounded by a region of sporogenous cells (moss capsule)

A

columella

93
Q

enclosed by a capsule wall of several layers including an epidermis and stomata

A

sporogenous cells of a moss capsule

94
Q

= serves as a lid; covers the tip of the capsule
= shed off when spores are dispersed

A

operculum of a moss capsule

95
Q

= row of hygroscopic teeth at the rim of the capsule
= curls outward as they dry and eventually disperses the haploid spores

A

peristome teeth of a moss capsule

96
Q

what do mosses without peristome teeth do and what happens to the remains of the archegonial tissue (calyptra)?

A
  • they disprese spores by splitting the capsule wall
  • remains of the calyptra may be found covering the immature capsule
97
Q

parts of the archegonia of mnium (CAP)

A
  • cluster of archegonia
  • archegonium
  • paraphyses
98
Q

flask-shaped; composed of an elongated neck and a bulbous posterior venter

A

archegonium

99
Q

sterile; inserted between archegonium for protection

A

paraphyses

100
Q

what happens to the sperms released from the antheridia of a male moss and what happens to the zygote that is produced?

A
  • biflagellate sperms travel along the neck canal to the egg inside the venter
  • zygote remains in the venter, develops into an embryo, and then into a sporophyte

Botany Lab (4 decks)

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