lab exam two Flashcards
which sugar solution produced the most gas with yeast?
glucose
signs of stress in fish
changes in defecation, eye movement
polar solutes dissolve in
polar solvents
nonpolar solutes dissolve in
nonpolar solvenets
anthocyanins
red, blue and purple pigments
- dissolve in water
chlorophylls
green pigment
- dissolves in less polar solvent (ethanol)
carotenes
- yellow and orange pigment
- dissolves in less polar solvent (ethanol)
xanthophylls
- yellow pigment
- dissolves in less polar solvent (ethanol)
ethanol
highly toxic chemical and alcohol
- drinking will make you ill and possibly blind
what was added to the variegated coleus leaf to determine where the most starch was present?
Lugol’s solution
for every molecule of CO2 produced for fish…
1 molecule NaOH needed to neutralize resulting acid
steps of extracting DNA
- lysing cell using chemical/mechanical means
- addition of salt/detergent solution
- addition of meat tenderizer
- ethanol added
- centrifugation
pathogen
disease agent
pandemic
epidemics that spread from continent to continent
epidemiology
study of disease at the population level
Typhoid Mary
original carrier
phenol red
acid - yellow
- base - magenta/red
Human Genome Project
identifying and mapping 20,000-25,000 genes that define a human being
bioinformatics
field that combines statistics, mathematical modeling, and computer science to analyze biological data
BLAST
basic local alignment search tool
- searches for identical/similar sequences
cladogram
(phylogenetic tree)
- visualization of evolutionary relatedness of species
cladistics
shows relationship between dif organisms base don presence/absence of certain characteristics (derived)
derived characters
unique characteristics of particular group of organisms
what does blending do for DNA extraction
disrupt cell and nuclear membranes
what does salt and detergent do in DNA extraction
break down and emulsify fat and proteins that make up membranes
what does meat tenderizer do
contains proteases (digestive enzymes) that cut away histones that coil DNA
- unwind DNA
is DNA soluble or insoluble in ethanol
insoluble
why is ethanol added in DNA extraction
DNA is insoluble in ethanol, which causes the DNA to precipitate/separate from solution
agglutinogens
agglutinating antigens on surface of red blood cells
scientific name for red blood cells
erythrocytes
agglutinating antigen types
A or B
what types of antibodies against antigens does a person normally produce
against antigens that are not in their blood cells
antibodies for antigen A person
anti-B antibodies
antibodies for antigen B person
anti-A antibodies
antibodies for blood type O (neither A or B)
both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
antibodies for blood type AB (both A and B)
neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies
what is blood type based on
antigens present
4 blood groups
A, B, AB, O
most common blood type in U.S.
O
- then A, then B, then AB
universal donor
O-
universal recipient
AB+
agglutinates
blood clumps
how to do blood typing test
- if blood agglutinates when adding anti-A serum, it is blood type A
- if blood agglutinates in both samples, type AB
- absence of agglutination = O
3 alleles for ABO antigens on red blood cells
A antigen - I^A
B antigen - I^B
O antigen - i
codominance
both alleles fully expressed
I^A and I^B
ratio of sugar to yeast in cellular respiration experiment
4:2
control in cellular respiration experiment
distilled water
beaker with fish equation
CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> HCO3- + H+
titration equation
HCO3- + H+ + NaOH -> NaHCO3 + H2O
purpose of baking soda in leaf disk experiment
provided carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
why does lime water turn white when CO2 is blown into it
the Ca(OH)2 (aq) reacts with the CO2 to form CaCO3 and H2O
cri du chat
deletion on chromosome 5, larynx improperly developed
46 chromosomes
down syndrome
trisomy 21
47 chromosomes
Edward’s syndrome
trisomy 18
- retardation, elongated skull, malformed heart
- 47 chromosomes
Jacob’s syndrome
XYY - supermale
- 47 chromsomes
Klinefelter syndrome
XXY
- 47 chromosomes
Patau syndrome
trisomy 13
- abnormal cerebral functions
- 47 chromosomes
Triple X
trisomy X - superfemale
- 47 chromosomes
Turner syndrome
monosomy X
- 45 chromosomes
what are antigens
substance on the surface of red blood cells
- A and B
what happens when someone is given the wrong type of blood during transfusion?
the blood will agglutinate and activate the person’s immune system, which will destroy the agglutinated erythrocytes
what happens when erythrocytes are destroyed?
they release hemoglobin into the plasma and reduce the blood’s oxygen-carrying capability
is being Rh+ a dominant or recessive trait?
dominant
epidemic
rapid spread of life threatening disease
another name for typhoid mary
index case
how many genes in human genome
20,000-25,000
