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Biology Lab > lab exam two > Flashcards

lab exam two Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

which sugar solution produced the most gas with yeast?

A

glucose

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2
Q

signs of stress in fish

A

changes in defecation, eye movement

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3
Q

polar solutes dissolve in

A

polar solvents

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4
Q

nonpolar solutes dissolve in

A

nonpolar solvenets

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5
Q

anthocyanins

A

red, blue and purple pigments
- dissolve in water

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6
Q

chlorophylls

A

green pigment
- dissolves in less polar solvent (ethanol)

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7
Q

carotenes

A
  • yellow and orange pigment
  • dissolves in less polar solvent (ethanol)
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8
Q

xanthophylls

A
  • yellow pigment
  • dissolves in less polar solvent (ethanol)
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9
Q

ethanol

A

highly toxic chemical and alcohol
- drinking will make you ill and possibly blind

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10
Q

what was added to the variegated coleus leaf to determine where the most starch was present?

A

Lugol’s solution

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11
Q

for every molecule of CO2 produced for fish…

A

1 molecule NaOH needed to neutralize resulting acid

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12
Q

steps of extracting DNA

A
  1. lysing cell using chemical/mechanical means
  2. addition of salt/detergent solution
  3. addition of meat tenderizer
  4. ethanol added
  5. centrifugation
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13
Q

pathogen

A

disease agent

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14
Q

pandemic

A

epidemics that spread from continent to continent

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15
Q

epidemiology

A

study of disease at the population level

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16
Q

Typhoid Mary

A

original carrier

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17
Q

phenol red

A

acid - yellow
- base - magenta/red

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18
Q

Human Genome Project

A

identifying and mapping 20,000-25,000 genes that define a human being

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19
Q

bioinformatics

A

field that combines statistics, mathematical modeling, and computer science to analyze biological data

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20
Q

BLAST

A

basic local alignment search tool
- searches for identical/similar sequences

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21
Q

cladogram

A

(phylogenetic tree)
- visualization of evolutionary relatedness of species

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22
Q

cladistics

A

shows relationship between dif organisms base don presence/absence of certain characteristics (derived)

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23
Q

derived characters

A

unique characteristics of particular group of organisms

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24
Q

what does blending do for DNA extraction

A

disrupt cell and nuclear membranes

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25
Q

what does salt and detergent do in DNA extraction

A

break down and emulsify fat and proteins that make up membranes

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26
Q

what does meat tenderizer do

A

contains proteases (digestive enzymes) that cut away histones that coil DNA
- unwind DNA

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27
Q

is DNA soluble or insoluble in ethanol

A

insoluble

28
Q

why is ethanol added in DNA extraction

A

DNA is insoluble in ethanol, which causes the DNA to precipitate/separate from solution

29
Q

agglutinogens

A

agglutinating antigens on surface of red blood cells

30
Q

scientific name for red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

31
Q

agglutinating antigen types

A

A or B

32
Q

what types of antibodies against antigens does a person normally produce

A

against antigens that are not in their blood cells

33
Q

antibodies for antigen A person

A

anti-B antibodies

34
Q

antibodies for antigen B person

A

anti-A antibodies

35
Q

antibodies for blood type O (neither A or B)

A

both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

36
Q

antibodies for blood type AB (both A and B)

A

neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies

37
Q

what is blood type based on

A

antigens present

38
Q

4 blood groups

A

A, B, AB, O

39
Q

most common blood type in U.S.

A

O
- then A, then B, then AB

40
Q

universal donor

A

O-

41
Q

universal recipient

A

AB+

42
Q

agglutinates

A

blood clumps

43
Q

how to do blood typing test

A
  • if blood agglutinates when adding anti-A serum, it is blood type A
  • if blood agglutinates in both samples, type AB
  • absence of agglutination = O
44
Q

3 alleles for ABO antigens on red blood cells

A

A antigen - I^A
B antigen - I^B
O antigen - i

45
Q

codominance

A

both alleles fully expressed
I^A and I^B

46
Q

ratio of sugar to yeast in cellular respiration experiment

A

4:2

47
Q

control in cellular respiration experiment

A

distilled water

48
Q

beaker with fish equation

A

CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> HCO3- + H+

49
Q

titration equation

A

HCO3- + H+ + NaOH -> NaHCO3 + H2O

50
Q

purpose of baking soda in leaf disk experiment

A

provided carbon dioxide for photosynthesis

51
Q

why does lime water turn white when CO2 is blown into it

A

the Ca(OH)2 (aq) reacts with the CO2 to form CaCO3 and H2O

52
Q

cri du chat

A

deletion on chromosome 5, larynx improperly developed
46 chromosomes

53
Q

down syndrome

A

trisomy 21
47 chromosomes

54
Q

Edward’s syndrome

A

trisomy 18
- retardation, elongated skull, malformed heart
- 47 chromosomes

55
Q

Jacob’s syndrome

A

XYY - supermale
- 47 chromsomes

56
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

XXY
- 47 chromosomes

57
Q

Patau syndrome

A

trisomy 13
- abnormal cerebral functions
- 47 chromosomes

58
Q

Triple X

A

trisomy X - superfemale
- 47 chromosomes

59
Q

Turner syndrome

A

monosomy X
- 45 chromosomes

60
Q

what are antigens

A

substance on the surface of red blood cells
- A and B

61
Q

what happens when someone is given the wrong type of blood during transfusion?

A

the blood will agglutinate and activate the person’s immune system, which will destroy the agglutinated erythrocytes

62
Q

what happens when erythrocytes are destroyed?

A

they release hemoglobin into the plasma and reduce the blood’s oxygen-carrying capability

63
Q

is being Rh+ a dominant or recessive trait?

A

dominant

64
Q

epidemic

A

rapid spread of life threatening disease

65
Q

another name for typhoid mary

A

index case

66
Q

how many genes in human genome

A

20,000-25,000

Biology Lab (6 decks)

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