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lab exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what was used as a natural colorimetric method for determining pH?

A

cabbage water

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2
Q

2 colorimetric methods used for pH

A

cabbage water and thymol blue

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3
Q

what substance was added to the unbuffered beaker?

A

calcium carbonate (0.1 g)

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4
Q

what substance was added to the buffered beaker?

A

baking soda

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5
Q

what substance is typically used to increase the acidity of a solution?

A

hydrochloric acid

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6
Q

how was the pH measured in the buffered and unbuffered beaker?

A

pH meter - take cap off

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7
Q

what is used to heat up solutions?

A

hot plate

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8
Q

what do you do between each measurement of pH with a pH meter?

A

rinse it with distilled water

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9
Q

what did the unbuffered/buffered procedure support?

A

that buffers accept hydrogen ions in order to resist a change in pH

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10
Q

color spectrum of thymol blue

A

acidic - more red
basic - more blue

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11
Q

color spectrum of cabbage water

A

acidic - more pink
basic - more blue/green

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12
Q

homeostasis

A

maintaining a constant internal environment within cells

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13
Q

internal pH of humans and other animals

A

about 7.2

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14
Q

acidity (pH)

A

measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

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15
Q

p in pH

A

negative logarithm to the base 10

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16
Q

H in pH

A

hydrogen ion concentration

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17
Q

amphoteric

A

acting as either an acid or base
- water

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18
Q

product of H+ and OH-

A

1.0 x 10^-14

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19
Q

concentration of H+ in pH of 10

A

1.0 x 10^-10
OH - 1.0 x 10^-4

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20
Q

examples of acidic substances

A

battery acid, lemon juice, vinegar, black coffee, hydrochloric acid

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21
Q

examples of basic substances

A

baking soda, ammonia, bleach

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22
Q

what do buffer solutions contain?

A

a weak acid and its salt

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23
Q

different colorimetric methods for pH

A

litmus - red (acidic), blue (basic) - extracted from lichen
thymol blue

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24
Q

molarity/molar concentration

A

concentration of solution
- number of moles of a substance/solute dissolved per liter of solution

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25
Q

equation for molarity

A

concentration / molar mass

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26
Q

molar volume

A

volume that one mole of a substance takes up at a particular temperature/pressure

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27
Q

metabolism

A

sum total of chemical processes

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28
Q

catabolism

A

breakdwon

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29
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis and building up of molecules

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30
Q

enzyme

A

biological catalyst that accelerates chemical reaction without being consumed

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31
Q

activation energy

A

original input of energy necessary to initiate a reaction
- lowered by enzymes

32
Q

factors on enzymatic activity

A

pH, concentration of substrate/enzymes, temperature, salinity

33
Q

human enzyme temperature preference

A

37 degrees Celsius

34
Q

optimal pH for enzymes

A

6-8

35
Q

catalase

A

enzyme present in almost all organisms exposed to oxygen
- protects from oxidative damage
- breaks hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

36
Q

bromelain

A

enzyme from pineapples

37
Q

what enzyme was used in lab?

A

catalase (in yeast)

38
Q

what substrate was used in lab?

A

hydrogen peroxide

39
Q

what happens when enzymes get too hot?

A

denatured, not much of a reaction

40
Q

which food had the most amount of catalase reaction?

A

carrot
- yeast was slightly less

41
Q

what substances were used to create solutions of different pHs for testing catalase reactions?

A

soap solution, hydrogen peroxide
- hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide
- 5 mL of yeast then added

42
Q

what did higher concentrations of substrate and enzymes yield?

A

more enzymatic activity

43
Q

what vegetables were tested for enzymatic activity?

A

carrot, potato, cabbage
- control group: yeast

44
Q

how was the amount of enzymatic activity determined?

A

measuring the amount of foam in cm

45
Q

objective lenses from lowest to highest

A

scanning (4x), low (10x), high (40x)

46
Q

equation for total magnification

A

objective magnification x ocular magnification

47
Q

how to images appear in the microscope

A

upside down and reversed left to right

48
Q

what unit was the field of view measured in

A

mm

49
Q

what were the different protozoans examined in lab?

A

spirostonum, volvox gloater, blepharisma, stentor coeruleus, didinium
- didinium and paramecium caudata
- chaos carolina and paramecium caudata

50
Q

spirostonum

A

long and snake-like, moved in circular motion

51
Q

volvox globator

A

round and yellow, was pregnant, rolling movement

52
Q

blepharisma

A

large and purple, moves quickly

53
Q

stentor coeruleus

A

long/comb-like when attached to algae, circular when not attached, floats in circles, green

54
Q

didinium

A

attaches to algae, moves quickly, light green

55
Q

does food coloring distribute more/faster in hot, room, or cold temperature water?

A

hot

56
Q

what dyes were used in the agar plate?

A

methylene blue, malachite green, potassium permanganate

57
Q

were dialysis bags or glove material more permeable?

A

dialysis bags

58
Q

what happened to the dialysis bag with higher concentrations of sucrose?

A

more water went in

59
Q

when does Lugol’s solution turn blue

A

in the presence of starch

60
Q

what was the positive control in the diffusion spot plate?

A

NaOH (Thymol blue) and starch (Lugol’s solution)

61
Q

what was the negative control in the diffusion spot plate?

A

tap water with Thymol (green/yellow/brown) and Lugol’s (dark yellow/orange)

62
Q

what did adding the NaCl solution to the plant cells do?

A

initiate plasmolysis

63
Q

dialysis bag with NaOH and starch

A

external tap water had lots of NaOH and almost no starch
- diffusion occurred

64
Q

glove bag with NaOH and starch

A

external tap water had no NaOH or starch
- no diffusion occurred

65
Q

hypertonic solution

A

cell becomes crenated because water flow out of cell

66
Q

hypotonic solution

A

cell becomes lysed because water flows into cell

67
Q

diffusion of WATER in osmosis

A

high concentration of water to low concentration of water

68
Q

diffusion of water in regards to SOLUTES in osmosis

A

low concentration of solutes to high concentration of solutes

69
Q

what did lab 3 involve?

A
  • enzymatic activity with pH and temperature
  • enzymatic activity with concentration of substrate and enzyme
70
Q

what did lab 4 involve?

A

microscopy of initials, onion slice, cheek cells, and threads

71
Q

what did lab 5 involve?

A

measurement of field of view, protozoans

72
Q

what did lab 6 involve?

A

diffusion
- temperature, membrane, molecular weight

73
Q

what plants were observed with plasmolysis?

A

Elodea plant and red onion cell

74
Q

what is the limiting factor of a compound light microscope?

A

resolution - can’t be used at a magnification greater than 2000X

75
Q

what type of sucrose was used in lab 6

A

60% sucrose

Biology Lab (6 decks)

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