LAB EXAM REVIEWER

Question 1

What were the three health-specific Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?

Answer 1

Answer: Child health (MDG4), maternal health (MDG5), combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases (MDG6).

Question 2

When did the United Nations replace the MDGs with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

Answer 2

Answer: In September 2015.

Question 3

What was the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) in the Philippines as of 2015?

Answer 3

Answer: 204 mothers dying per 100,000 live births.

Question 4

How many new cases of HIV/AIDS were being diagnosed daily in the Philippines as of 2015?

Answer 4

Answer: 25 new cases daily.

Question 5

Which Millennium Development Goal (MDG) was the Philippines farthest from meeting?

Answer 5

Answer: MDG 5 - Improve Maternal Health.

Question 6

Why is the incidence of HIV/AIDS on the rise in the Philippines?

Answer 6

Answer: Inappropriate and irrational use of anti-infective drugs.

Question 7

What are some factors driving the spread of vector-borne diseases in the Philippines?

Answer 7

Answer: Urbanization, land-use changes, and climate change.

Question 8

How do natural disasters impact public health in the Philippines?

Answer 8

Answer: Flooding contaminates drinking water, increasing the transmission of waterborne diseases.

Question 9

What is the growing challenge related to antimicrobial resistance (AMR)?

Answer 9

Answer: Inappropriate and irrational use of anti-infective drugs in humans and animals.

Question 10

Give an example of a health issue related to antimicrobial resistance in the Philippines.

Answer 10

Answer: Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB).

Question 11

Which country has one of the best health systems in the world, providing quality, safe, and affordable healthcare?

Answer 11

Answer: Australia.

Question 12

What are the primary care services delivered by in Australia?

Answer 12

Answer: General practitioners (GPs), medical specialists, and allied health workers.

Question 13

Which system in Australia provides free or low-cost access to healthcare services?

Answer 13

Answer: Medicare and the public hospital system.

Question 14

What is the role of private health insurance in Australia’s healthcare system?

Answer 14

Answer: It provides choice outside the public system, and individuals contribute toward the cost of healthcare.

Question 15

What are the three major parts of Australia’s Medicare system?

Answer 15

Answer: Medical services, public hospitals, medicines.

Question 16

What does the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) in Australia do?

Answer 16

Answer: It makes some prescription medicines cheaper.

Question 17

How is Australia’s healthcare system funded?

Answer 17

Answer: By all levels of government, non-government organizations, private health insurers, and individuals.

Question 18

What percentage of Australia’s gross domestic product is spent on healthcare?

Answer 18

Answer: About 10%.

Question 19

Who funds most of the spending for community health services in Australia?

Answer 19

Answer: State and territory governments.

Question 20

When was Japan’s health system founded, providing comprehensive coverage to all Japanese citizens?

Answer 20

Answer: 1961.

Question 21

What is the main reason behind Japan’s universal health insurance system?

Answer 21

Answer: To provide comprehensive health coverage to all Japanese citizens.

Question 22

How did the population in Japan change from 1980 to 2004?

Answer 22

Answer: It increased from 117 million to 128 million.

Question 23

What was the significant event in the history of Japan’s Employee’s Health Insurance system?

Answer 23

Answer: The enactment of the Health Insurance Act of 1922.

Question 24

What were the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in Japan?

Answer 24

Answer: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs).

Question 25

What was the leading cause of death in Japan by the middle of the 20th century?

Answer 25

Answer: Tuberculosis (TB).

Question 26

What are the two major chronic diseases in Japan?

Answer 26

Answer: Diabetes and hypertension.

Question 27

What is a major risk factor for hypertension in Japan?

Answer 27

What is a major risk factor for hypertension in Japan?

Question 28

How is healthcare expenditure in Canada primarily funded?

Answer 28

Answer: About 70% comes from general tax revenues of federal, provincial, and territorial governments.

Question 29

Who is responsible for administering medicare and planning health services in Canada?

Answer 29

Answer: Provinces and territories.

Question 30

What has been the trend in the number of acute care beds per capita in Canada?

Answer 30

Answer: It has continued to fall.

Question 31

Who may provide illness prevention services, including disease screening, in Canada?

Answer 31

Answer: Family physicians, public health offices, or dedicated screening programs.

Question 32

What has the medicare system in Canada been effective in doing?

Answer 32

Answer: Financially protecting Canadians against high-cost hospital and medical care.

Question 33

What are the gaps in coverage under Canada’s medicare system?

Answer 33

Answer: It has a narrow scope of universal services.