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BIOL 1594 LAB > LAB Exam I > Flashcards

LAB Exam I Flashcards

1
Q

Quadrants

A

Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant.

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2
Q

Organs found in RUQ

A

portions of large and small intestine
the right lobe of the liver
gallbladder
right kidney

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3
Q

Organs found in LUQ

A

Stomach
Pancreas
Left lobe of the Liver
Spleen
Left kindey

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4
Q

Organs found in RLQ

A

Cecum
appendix
right ureter
reporductive organs
small intestine

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5
Q

Organs found in LLQ

A

Small intestine
left ureter
reproductive organs

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6
Q

Organs found in RLQ

A

cecum
appendix
right ureter
small intestine
reproductive organs

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7
Q

Regions

A

Right and Left Hypogastric
Right and Left Lumbar
Right and Left Iliac
Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric

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8
Q

Body cavities

A

Dorsal:
Cranial and spinal
Ventral:
Thoracic and abdominopelvic

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9
Q

Membranes

A

Visceral and parietal pleura
visceral and parietal pericardium
visceral and parietal peritoneum

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10
Q

Mediastinum

A

the region that lies between and separates the two pleural cavities. a mass of tissue that contains the esophagus, trachea, thymus, and large blood vessels attached to the heart.

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11
Q

Greater omentum

A

a large peritoneal fold that drapes over the colon and coils of the small intestine

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12
Q

lesser omentum

A

a small peritoneal fold between the stomach and duodenum and liver.

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13
Q

mesentery

A

binds the coils of the small intestine.

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14
Q

anatomical directions

A

Demonstrate:
proximal - distal
lateral - medial
superior - inferior
anterior - posterior
deep - superficial

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15
Q

Dissection planes

A

Demonstrate:
midsagittal
parasagittal
transverse/cross-sectional
frontal/coronal
oblique

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16
Q

Body levels of organization

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

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17
Q

System of the body

A

11 systems:
1. Digestive
2. Circulatory
3. Respiratory
4. Skeletal
5. muscular
6. Nervous
7. Endocrine
8. reproductive
9. lymphatic/immune
10. Integumentary
11. Urinary

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18
Q

Magnification

A

refers to the degree to which the image, as seen through a lens system, is larger than the object itself.

total magnification = power of ocular lens x objective lens

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19
Q

Resolution

A

refers to the minimum distance between two points that must exist for them to be seen as separate. this determines the amount of detail on the slide.

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20
Q

field of view

A

the circle or diameter of light that is seem through the ocular lense (decreases as magnification increases)

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21
Q

depth of feild

A

the thickness of the object that is in focus at any given time as seen through the ocular lens. (decreases as mag increases)

22
Q

relationship between the iris diaphragm and contrast

A

by changing the opening of the iris diaphragm, you can adjust the contrast on your slide. decreasing the iris-diaphragm opening increases the contrast.

23
Q

Steps of setting a microscope up with a slide

A

refer to notes

24
Q

parts of the microscope

A

refer to lab manual notes

25
Q

structure of cell membrane

A

a phospholipid bilayer with integrated proteins (integral and peripheral) aid in transport and support.

26
Q

what can pass through the membrane easily

A

lipid-soluble, small molecules

27
Q

what cannot readily pass through the cell membrane

A

charged, polar and/or large molecules.

28
Q

what is diffusion

A

molecules will move from regions with high concentration to areas of low concentration (down the concentration gradient). based on kinetic energy. until equilibrium it reached.

29
Q

the speed of diffusion is influenced by?

A

molecular size
temperature
concentration gradient (the greater the gradient)

30
Q

osmosis

A

The diffusion of water through a selectively-permeable membrane. water will always diffuse from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration. as solute concentration increases water concentration decreases.

31
Q

parts of a solution

A

solute and solvent (water is not a solution it is a solvent)

32
Q

hypertonic

A

will cause cells to create. water moves out of the cell to try and even the solute concentration in the solution

33
Q

hypotonic

A

the solution has a higher water concentration than the cell. water will move into the cell causing swelling and the cell may become hemolyzed.

34
Q

isotonic

A

solutions tonicity equals the tonicity of the cell. there is no swelling or crenating.

35
Q

Diploid

A

2n=4

36
Q

haploid

A

n

37
Q

zygote

A

contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father

38
Q

what is a homologous pair

A

contains a chromosome from mum and dad

39
Q

gametes

A

sperm and egg divide through meiosis

40
Q

the cell cycle

A

phases
interphase:
1. G1: cell growth before DNA replication
2. S: DNA replication
3. G2: after replication cell prepares for division
Mitosis:
1. prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase/cytokinesis

41
Q

DNA Structure

A

Double helix containing nucleotides

42
Q

Nucleotides

A

contain deoxyribose (sugar), a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases (a)denine, (t)hymine, (g)uanine, and (c)ytosine. (U replaces T in RNA).

43
Q

what bonds are present in DNA?

A

a covalent bond binds the sugarphosphate backbone. and a hydrogen bond connected nucleotides

44
Q

DNA replication

A

DNA Helicase (enzyme) pulls apart the DNA double helix. DNA polymerase moves along each separated DNA strand and uses them as “templates” for the synthesis of 2 new DNA molecules. Primase adds an RNA primer to show the DNA polymerase where to start. due to the polarity of the DNA molecule the DNA polymerase works in only one direction by adding nucleotides to the 3’ end of an RNA primer, thus DNA synthesis always proceeds in the 5’ to 3’ direction. DNA polymerase brings in new nucleotides to pair with the template strand.

45
Q

semi-conservative model

A

each newly synthesised molecule of DNA contains one old strand (template) and one new strand.

46
Q

Mitosis Drawing conventions

A
  • use 2 colors to show the difference between the maternal and paternal set
  • make it easy to distinguish homologous pairs (use different sizes of pairs of chromosomes or centromere locations
  • include centrioles, spindle fibers, and nuclear envelopes when present.
47
Q

interphase

A

chromosomes are not visible. the chromosome material is dispersed in the nucleus into fine threads called chromatin.

48
Q

prophase

A
  • chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled and folded into discrete chromosomes.
  • each duplicated chromosome appears as two identical sister chromatids attached by a centromere.
  • the centrioles migrate to each cell pole and spindle fibers extend between them.
  • the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear
49
Q

metaphase

A
  • spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes at the centromere.
  • chromosomes are moved to the center of the cell (metaphase plate/ straight line)
50
Q

Anaphase

A
  • sister chromatids are separated
  • chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell
51
Q

telophase

A
  • chromosomes uncoil
  • nuclear envelope reforms
  • spindle fibers disintegrate
  • formation of the cleavage furrow
  • cytokinesis: even distribution of cytoplasm and organelles.
52
Q

2n=4

A

2 = 2 copies of each chromosome type (mom and dad)
4 = total number of chromosomes

BIOL 1594 LAB (6 decks)

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