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S.N Physiology 2 > LAB EXAM > Flashcards

LAB EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

(RBC counting)

what solution do we use and how much should we take from it?

A

Hayem’s solution

990 microL

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2
Q

(RBC counting)
is the solution hyper/hypotonic?
what does it contain?
what will happen to the RBC?

A

hypertonic
NaCl, Na2So4, HgCl2
they will shrink

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3
Q

(RBC counting)

how much blood do we need?

A

10 microL

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4
Q

(RBC counting)

after mixing blood and solution, how much of it should we take?

A

20 microL

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5
Q

(RBC counting)

which square should we count from and how many squares?

A

small square

40

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6
Q

(RBC counting)

counted number of RBC in the 40 squares equals to cell number in-

A

1/100 microL of the diluted suspension

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7
Q

(RBC counting)

how will we know the number of cells in microL of blood?

A

x100
bcs of the dilution
x100
bcs of the the total number of the squares

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8
Q

(RBC counting)

normal value of RBC in microL?

A

4.4-5.5 milion cells / 1microL

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9
Q

(WBC counting)
What solution do we use?
what does it contain?
how much of it do we need?

A

Türk’s
methylene blue dissolves in acetic acid
90 microL

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10
Q

(WBC counting)
What happens to the RBC and why? (when putting inside the solution)
what will happen to the WBC?

A

RBC will Lysis

solution will stain the nuclei of WBC

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11
Q

(WBC counting)
How much blood do we need?
How much will we take from the blood+solution?

A

Add 10 microL blood

Take 20 microL

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12
Q

(WBC counting)
What squares do we use?
How many squares should we count?

A

Large

25

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13
Q

(WBC counting)

Counted number of WBC in the 25 squares equals?

A

Cell number in 1/10 microL of the diluted suspension

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14
Q

(WBC counting)

What is the normal value?

A

6000-8000 cells / 1 microL

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15
Q

(Leukocyte differential count on peripheral blood smear)

all steps in the preparation of the blood?(after we put the blood on the slide)

A

3 min in undiluted May-Grünwald solutiun
1 min in diluted May-Grünwald solutiun
15-20 min in Giemsa solution
wash with water

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16
Q

(Leukocyte differential count on peripheral blood smear)

how much should we count?

A

100

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17
Q

(Leukocyte differential count on peripheral blood smear)

How do you prepare yourself for the lab?

A 
gloves and lab coat!!!
Tell subject to wash hands
Prepare equipment
Use alcohol to clean finger
Prick the finger and throw away needle
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18
Q

(Leukocyte differential count on peripheral blood smear)
Giemsa solution, what does it made of?
what is it for?

A 
phosphate buffer (pH=6.8)
eosinophilic staining
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19
Q

(Leukocyte differential count on peripheral blood smear)
must do before using the slide on the microscope?
what do we use in the microscope to whatch it?

A

put a drop of immersion oil

the black magnification (special for immersion oil)

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20
Q

(Leukocyte differential count on peripheral blood smear)
how much should you count?
what are the normal values?

A 
count 100
Neutrophils 60-70%
Lymphocyes 25-30%
Monocytes 4-8%
Eosinophils 2-4%
Basophils 0-1%
**mnemonics!!! Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas!!!**
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21
Q

(Leukocyte differential count on peripheral blood smear)

how can you identify a neutrophil granulocyte?

A

1.5-2 times larger than RBC
usually more than 2 nuclei
light eosinophilic (pink) cytoplasm
containing granules (but they are unstained)

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22
Q

(Leukocyte differential count on peripheral blood smear)

how can you identify a lymphocyte?

A 
same size as RBC or bigger
big basophilic (purple) nucleus
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23
Q

(Leukocyte differential count on peripheral blood smear)

how can you identify a monocyte?

A 
2-3 times bigger than RBC
larges WBC
"horeseshoe"/kidney shape 
eccentric nucleus
basophilic (grey-purple) cytoplasm
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24
Q

(ABO type by “one-sided”)

what type of solution should you firstly put on the plate, and where?

A

seline

under each one- A, B, AB, control

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25
Q

(ABO type by “one-sided”)

what is antigene and where is it located?

A

it is located on the surface of the RBC, it is the “ID” of the blood type. if i have antigene A i have blood type A.

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26
Q

(ABO type by “one-sided”)

what is antibody and where is it located?

A

Immunoglobulin (Ig) used in the immune system to help protect cell and so on
they are circulated in the plasma- so if i have blood type A it will have antibodies for B.

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27
Q

(ABO type by “one-sided”)

what type of Immunoglobulin (Ig) are attacking the RBC antigene?

A

IgM (pentamere)

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28
Q

(ABO type by “one-sided”)

the blood drop which was labeled AntiA got agglutanated- what type is this blood and how do we know that?

A

the blood is type A.

person with blood type A wont have in his plasma antibodies for A- BCS IF HE DID IT WILL ATTACK THE RBC

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29
Q

(Rh test)

what type of Ig is the antibody for Rh?

A

anti D= IgG (monomere/dimere)

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30
Q

(Rh test)

what will we observe in case of Rh- person?

A

no agglutanation bcs this person doesnt have Rh antigene on its RBC surface so there is nothing to “attack”

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31
Q

(transport rate on RBC)

we need two control. positive and negative. describe each one

A

negative - used as blank. (hypotonic solutiol kills RBC!)
100 microL blood with 3mL distilled water
positive- used as 100% absorbance (isotonic solution!)
100 microL blood with 3mL isotonic solution

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32
Q

(transport rate on RBC)

what does the transport rate deoends on? (2)

A
  1. permeability of the membrane for the specofoc substance

2. electrochemical gradient

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33
Q

(transport rate on RBC)

can urea pass the RBC memb?

A

yes, with UT-B (urea transporter)

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34
Q

(transport rate on RBC)

how do glucose pass the RBC memb?

A

GLUT1 <3

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35
Q

(transport rate on RBC)

how do water enter the RBC?

A

aquaporin (3 types):
aq1- constitutively in the memb
aq2- collecting tubule, hormonally regulated by Vasopresin
aq3- constitutively in the memb (can also pass glycerol)
**water can also pass (8%) through urea transporter

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36
Q

(transport rate on RBC)

how can ammonium ions enter the cell?

A

when they convert to ammonia= NH3+H
the proton goes to the HCO3- buffer
and ammonia enters the cell freely
inside cell becomes NH4 again (intracellular becomes alkaline)

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37
Q

(transport rate on RBC)

what is the reason we will have a sudden drop in the absorbance upon adding NaHCO3?

A

bcs we have the HCO3/Cl exchanger that enhace that enhances the accumulation of Cl and NH4 inside the RBC

38
Q

(transport rate on RBC)

first step: how much of bllod? how much of solution we need?

A

100 microL blood
3mL phys seline
and for all the rest same amount

39
Q

(transport rate on RBC)

what will happen when we put the blood with urea?

A

urea enters the RBC through UT-B -> cell will swell (osmotically active)
we have a lower optical density bcs of the cells burst!

40
Q

(transport rate on RBC)

what will happen when we put the blood with glucose?

A

glucose enter the RBC slower then urea theough the GLUT1

41
Q

(transport rate on RBC)

what will happen when we put the blood with NH4Cl?

A

NH4Cl seperates to NH4+ and Cl
NH4 seperates to NH3 and H
NH3 enters the cell freely
and Cl enters the cell throgh HCO3/Cl exchanger
-> acoumulation of NH4Cl inside the cell slowly

42
Q

(transport rate on RBC)
what will happen when we put the blood with NH4Cl?
and after 1 min add the NaHCO3

A

enhances the HCO3/Cl exchanger work so the cells swell and burst more rapidly
CO2 diffuses freely when we add NaHCO3

43
Q

(ABO type by “two-sided”)

which blood should we use?

A

unknown tube with serum seperated from the RBC (we can see the seperation)
also we have 3 known RBC (A,B,O)

44
Q

(ABO type by “two-sided”)

what should we put on the antibody plate?

A

below anti A we put- drop of antibody A + drop of 10% RBC suspension
same for B and AB
in the 4th place we put- drop of 10% RBC suspension + the unknown serum

45
Q

(ABO type by “two-sided”)

how do you start the experiment?

A

COAT! GLOVES!
pour the unknown serum to a different tube
mix the remaining serum+RBC
take 3 drops from it with 1mL of seline (this is our 10% RBC suspension)

46
Q

(ABO type by “two-sided”)

descibe the blood type plate-

A

we have A, B, O letters
beneath the letter A we put- A known RBC (it has antigene A on its surface!!!)
we put also the unknown serum
repeat for B, O

47
Q

(acid base parameters)

what is the normal plasma pH?

A

7.35-7.42

48
Q

(acid base parameters)

what is the normal PaCO2 ?

A

40 mmHg

38-42

49
Q

(acid base parameters)

what is the definition of a buffer solution?

A

mixture of a weak acid with its conjugated (strong base) salt andthe opposite

50
Q

(acid base parameters)

write down the Handerson-Haselbach equation

A

pH= pK + log [(A-)/(HA)]

51
Q

(acid base parameters)

give examples for extracellular buffers

A

bicarbonate
phosphate
plasma proteins

52
Q

(acid base parameters)

give examples for intracellular buffers

A

Hb
bicarbonate
organic and inorganic phosphate

53
Q

(acid base parameters)

what is the standart HCO3- ?

A

23-25 mM

actual should be the same!!!

54
Q

(acid base parameters)
what is the normal buffer base values?
what does it mean?

A

44-49 mEq/L

sum of HCO3- and Albumin anions

55
Q

(acid base parameters)

what is the normal base axis?

A

+/- 2.5 mEq/L

how much should we add to the paitent if he has alkalosis or acidosis

56
Q

(acid base parameters)

how do you know if its a respiratory/metabolic alkalosis/metabolic ???

A

ROME
Respiratory Opposite- the PCO2 will move opposite to the pH!!
Metabolic Equal - the PCO2 stays the same.
**pH WILL TWLL YOU IF ITS ALKALOSIS/ACIDOSIS

57
Q

(acid base parameters)

what is the difference in measuring standart and aqtual HCO3- from the graph?

A

standart HCO3- = where the line intersect with HCO3- line
aqtual HCO3- = we take the actual PCO2 point and draw a line in 45 defrees to the marked lines that are on the HCO3 line

58
Q

(ECG)
einthoven is
polar/bipolar?

A

bipolar - 2 electrodes
negative and positive electrodes and the leads are measured btw them
right arm - -

59
Q

(ECG)

QRS normal range

A
  1. 06-0.1 sec

0. 5-2 mV

60
Q

(ECG)

QT normal range

A

0.4 sec

61
Q

(ECG)

ST normal range

A

+/- 1mV

62
Q

(ECG)

PR normal range

A

0.12-0.2 sec

63
Q

(spirometry)
what is the first task?
how should you breath?

A

static lung-press IVC
4-5 relaxed breath
exhale completely
inhale maximally

64
Q

(spirometry)
what is the second task?
how should you breath?

A

dynamic-press FVC
4-5 relaxed breath
inhale maximally
exhale completely

65
Q

(spirometry)
what is the third task?
how should you breath?

A

MVV

30 sec of hyperventilation

66
Q

(spirometry)

normal TV?

A

500 mL

67
Q

(spirometry)

normal ERV?

A

1200 mL

68
Q

(spirometry)

normal IRV?

A

3.1 L

69
Q

(spirometry)

normal VC?

A

4.8 L

70
Q

(spirometry)

normal RV?

A

1.2 L

71
Q

(spirometry)

normal FRC?

A

ERV+RV

2.4 L

72
Q

(spirometry)

normal TLC?

A

6 L

73
Q

(spirometry)

what is FEV1 and what is the important ratio we get from it?

A

Forced Expiratory Volume after 1 sec

FEV/FVC = 0.8 !

74
Q

(Smooth muscle activity)

What are the two types of intestinal smooth muscke contraction?

A 
Phasic Contraction (Peristalsis) - Originated from Cajal's pacemaker cells.
Tonic Contraction (Basal) - Induced by stretch
75
Q

(Smooth muscle activity)

What parameters are measured and how?

A

We measure frequency and amplitude of SMCs contractions. Mechanoelectric transducer is attached to the smooth muscle wall.

76
Q

(Smooth muscle activity)

What solution the intestine is located in?

A

Tyrode - Isosmotic solution.

For general extracellular fluid in 38 degrees.

77
Q

(Smooth muscle activity)

What is added to the solution?

A

Oxygen pump and Glucose

78
Q

(Smooth muscle activity)

What is the normal contraction frequency?

A

6 - 9 per Min

79
Q

(Smooth muscle activity)
What is the first task?
What do we learn from it?

A

Hypoxia:
Lowers the frequency and amplitude of contractions.
Reversible as long as there is no tissue damage

80
Q

(Smooth muscle activity)
What is the 2nd task?
What do we learn from it?

A

Acetyl-Choline: (ascending conc.)
M3 receptors are activated - Gq activates the SMC to have higher Ca and Increase contractillity tone.
Amplitude is higher (frequency same).

81
Q

(Smooth muscle activity)
What is the 3rd task?
What do we learn from it?

A

Atropine:
M3 receptors are blocked- inhibits Ach activation causing Ca signal to be unchanged from normal.
Amplitude is the same. same same but different.

82
Q

(Smooth muscle activity)
What is the 4th task?
What do we learn from it?

A 
Ach- Esterase:
Added stigmazan (Neostigmin isoform) - inihibits Ach-Esterase  - causing Ach to stay longer in the Post-synaptic position. Higher Contractillity.
83
Q

(Smooth muscle activity)
What is the 5th task?
What do we learn from it?

A

cAMP:
PKA is activated - Phosphorylates and Inactivates MLCK (Myosin light chain Kinase). MLC is not activated - No contraction - Amplitude goes down.

84
Q

(Fish Heart)

What is the special features of the fishs heart?

A

1) One circulation cycle.

2) Doesnt contain coranary vessels (Straub heart - Nutrients directly from enviroment).

85
Q

(Fish Heart)

What is the special solution do we put this shitty fish in?

A

Ringer Lactate solution.

It provides the heart with ATP.

86
Q

(Fish Heart)

What is the surgical intervention done in order to help us measure the parameters from this shity fish?

A

It is a decapitated Fish.

So it has no PARA/SYM connections to periphery.

87
Q

(Fish Heart)

How do we measure contraction?

A

The fish heart is hanged by a thread and each contractio pulls the thread and the mechanotransducer picks up the pull.

88
Q

(Fish Heart)

Observations from the 1st experiment?

A

Temprature - increase will cause higher contraction frequency and force (and vice versa).

89
Q

(Fish Heart)

Observations from the 2nd experiment?

A

Extrasystole and compensatory pause - When introduced with electrical stimulus another systole period is shown. (except from when it is in refractory period).

90
Q

(Fish Heart)

Observations from the 3rd experiment?

A

Stannuis Ligatures -

1) Seperation of Sinus venosus and atria of the heart, similar to AV Block. Lower HR.
2) Seperation of Atria of the heart and Ventricles, pacemaking is from Ventricles - Even Lower HR.

S.N Physiology 2 (9 decks)

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