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Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab > lab exam 4 > Flashcards

lab exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

gyri

A

smooth up folded areas of the cerebral cortex

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2
Q

sulci

A

shallow grooves between folds

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3
Q

fissues

A

deep grooves between folds

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4
Q

longitudinal cerebral fissure

A

divides cerebrum into right and left hemispheres

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5
Q

central sulcus

A

separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

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6
Q

precentral sulcus

A

shallow groove anterior to central sulcus

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7
Q

postcentral sulcus

A

shallow groove posterior to central sulcus

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8
Q

lateral sulcus

A

divides parietal lobe from temporal lobe

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9
Q

parieto-occipital sulcus

A

separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe (not visible on brain surface)

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10
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

upfold area between central sulcus and postcentral gyrus

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11
Q

what simple tests could you perform to demonstrate normal function of the cerebellum

A

balance and coordination/walk along line

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12
Q

why is the cerebrum convoluted?

A

to make more space

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13
Q

what is the purpose of the sulci and gyri

A

so that we can fit more neurons

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14
Q

does each cerebral hemisphere perform the exact same function?

A

no, the right has 3D, sensory, environmental info and the left controls language, math, reading and writing

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15
Q

why is a blow to the back of the head often fatal?

A

it damages the medulla

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16
Q

how are the human brain and sheep brain..

  • similar
  • diiferent
A
  • same basic structures

- smaller, convolutions are less prominent, olfactory bulbs are larger

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17
Q

nucleus

  • definition
  • found where
A
  • group/collection of cell bodies of neurons

- in CNS

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18
Q

tract

A

bundle of axons

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19
Q

why is the term basal ganglia incorrect

A

ganglia is a group of cell bodies in CNS

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20
Q

gray matter

A

butterfly or H-shaped area in center of spinal cord

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21
Q

gray commissure

A

center part of gray matter containing “butterfly body” or horizontal bar of letter H

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22
Q

central canal

A

small space in the center of the gray commissure that is continuous with ventricles and contains CSF

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23
Q

what is white matter?

-gray matter?

A
  • myelinated axons

- unmyelinated axons, cell bodies of neurons

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24
Q

deep reflexes

  • definition
  • contains
A

stretches the muscle and activates a receptor deep within the muscle called the muscle spindle
-intrafusal fibers (supplied by sensory neurons)

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25
Q

extrafusal fibers

A

muscle fibers that perform the muscle’s work of contracting

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26
Q

superficial reflexes

  • definition
  • result from
A

initiated by special receptors in the skin

-painful stimuli, temp changes or touch

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27
Q

patellar reflex

  • receptor
  • sensory nerve
  • location of integrative center
  • motor nerve
  • effector
A
  • intrafusal fibers of muscle
  • spinal nerve
  • spinal cord
  • spinal nerve
  • extrafusal fibers of quads
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28
Q

hyperreflexia

A

exaggerated reflexes that indicate damage to spinal cord, spinal nerves, skeletal muscles or higher brain centers

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29
Q

hyporelexia

A

weak reflexes that indicate damage to spinal cord, spinal nerves, skeletal muscles or higher brain centers

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30
Q

how is the knee jerk response affected when the Jendrassic maneuver is performed?

A

increase (hyperreflexia)

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31
Q

how is the knee jerk response affected when the muscles are fatigued due to excerise?

A

decrease (hyporeflexia)

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32
Q

what happened to the right pupil when it was exposed to the light?
-left?

A
  • constrict

- constrict

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33
Q

where is the receptor located

A

in the retina

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34
Q

what is the afferent neuron in the eye

A

in the optic nerve

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35
Q

spinal frog

  1. resting position
  2. tilt
  3. righting from back to front
  4. noise
  5. acetic acid
  6. toe pinch
  7. swimming
A
  1. not present
  2. present
  3. present
  4. not present
  5. present
  6. present
  7. present
36
Q

double pithed frog

  1. resting position
  2. tilt
  3. righting from back to front
  4. noise
  5. acetic acid
  6. toe pinch
  7. swimming
A

all not present

37
Q

which activites require an intact brain

A

noise and resting

38
Q

which reflexes require the spinal cord only

A

acid, toe pinch, swimming, righting

39
Q

which reflex could be classified as superficial?

A

acid and toe pitch

40
Q

which reflex could be classified as a deep reflex?

A

swimming and righting

41
Q

eyebrows

A

prevents sun and perspiration from entering eyes

42
Q

eyelids

  • 2 functions
  • contains what
A
  1. prevents foreign objects and sun from entering the eyes
  2. covers the eyes during sleep
    - small glands that secrete oil onto the eye to prevent tears from evaporating
43
Q

eyelashes

A

initiates reflex blinking when stimulated

44
Q

conjunctiva

  • definition
  • produces
  • contains
A

thin membrane that lines eyelids and covers eyeball up to the edge of the cornea

  • produces mucus to moisten eye
  • contains blood vessels that dilate when the eyes are blood shot
45
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

a group of structures that produces tears, secretes them on the surface of the eye and carries them away

46
Q

what do tears contain

-4 things

A
  1. salt
  2. mucus
  3. antibodies
  4. antibacterial enzyme lysozyme
47
Q

lacrimal gland

A

produces tears

48
Q

lacrimal gland ducts

A

small ducts that drain tears from the lacrimal gland and the conjunctiva

49
Q

lacrimal canals

A

passageways that drain tears reaching the medial eye to lacrimal sac

50
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A

carries tears from nasolacrimal sac into the nasal cavity

51
Q

superior rectus

A

moves the eye up

52
Q

inferior rectus

A

moves the eye down

53
Q

lateral rectus

A

moves the eye laterally

54
Q

medial rectus

A

moves the eye medially

55
Q

superior oblique

A

moves the eye laterally and down

56
Q

inferior oblique

A

moves the eye medially and up

57
Q

Outer fibrous tunic

-includes 2 things

A
  1. sclera

2. cornea

58
Q

sclera

A

white of the eye and maintains the shape of the eyeball

-consists of white fibrous connective tissue

59
Q

cornea

A

transparent avascular tissue

60
Q

middle vascular tunic

-includes 3 things

A
  1. choroid
  2. ciliary body
  3. iris
61
Q

ciliary body

A

contains a smooth muscle called the ciliary muscle that controls lens shape during focus

62
Q

choroid

A

numerous blood vessels provide nutrition and absorbs light

63
Q

iris

A

contains the pupil and controls the amount of light entering through the pupil

64
Q

inner neural tunic

-includes what

A

retina

65
Q

retina

-5 features

A
  1. rods
  2. cones
  3. optic disk
  4. macula lutea
  5. fovea centralis
66
Q

rods

A

responsible fror vision in dim light

67
Q

cones

A

responsible for color vision and acuity

68
Q

optic disk

A

point of retina where optic nerve exits

69
Q

macula lutea

A

yellow spot lateral to optic disc

70
Q

aqueous humor

  • location
  • function
  • consistancy
  • site and rate of formation
  • drainage
A
  • anterior to lens in anterior chamber; b/n lens and cornea
  • maintains shape of eye and interocular pressure
  • water
  • ciliary body
  • canal of schlemm
71
Q

vitreous humor

  • location
  • function
  • consistancy
  • site and rate of formation
  • drainage
A
  • posterior chamber, posterior lens
  • transmits light, holds retina against choroid, maintains interocular pressure
  • gel-like
  • lasts for lifetime
  • none
72
Q

visual acuity

A

amount of detail that you can see

73
Q

astigmatism

A

produced by an abnormal curvature of the lens and/or cornea

74
Q

blind spot

A

the area where images focused on the optic nerve cannot be seen

75
Q

near point

A

the closest distance at which an object can be seen in sharp focus

76
Q

color blindness

A

an impaired ability to distinguish colors

-occurs when one of the types of cones is missing

77
Q

dominant eye

A

one that you rely on the most

78
Q

optical illusion

A

a false interpretation of a visual sensation

79
Q

pinna

A

a flexible flap attached to the head

80
Q

external auditory ear

A

a one-inch passageway that connects the pinna to the eardrum

-contains small hairs and ceruminous glands which secrete ear wax

81
Q

tympanic membrane

A

a thin membrane which separates the outer and middle ear

82
Q

auditory ossicles

-contains 3 things

A
  1. malleus
  2. incus
  3. stapes
83
Q

auditory tube

A

equalizes the air pressure in the middle ear with the atmospheric pressure

84
Q

static equilibrium

A

maintains the position of the head in response to changes in the pull of gravity

85
Q

dynamic equalibrium

A

maintains balance in response to changes in direction of movement

Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab (4 decks)

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