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Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab > lab exam 4 > Flashcards

lab exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

gyri

A

smooth up folded areas of the cerebral cortex

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2
Q

sulci

A

shallow grooves between folds

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3
Q

fissues

A

deep grooves between folds

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4
Q

longitudinal cerebral fissure

A

divides cerebrum into right and left hemispheres

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5
Q

central sulcus

A

separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

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6
Q

precentral sulcus

A

shallow groove anterior to central sulcus

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7
Q

postcentral sulcus

A

shallow groove posterior to central sulcus

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8
Q

lateral sulcus

A

divides parietal lobe from temporal lobe

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9
Q

parieto-occipital sulcus

A

separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe (not visible on brain surface)

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10
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

upfold area between central sulcus and postcentral gyrus

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11
Q

what simple tests could you perform to demonstrate normal function of the cerebellum

A

balance and coordination/walk along line

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12
Q

why is the cerebrum convoluted?

A

to make more space

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13
Q

what is the purpose of the sulci and gyri

A

so that we can fit more neurons

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14
Q

does each cerebral hemisphere perform the exact same function?

A

no, the right has 3D, sensory, environmental info and the left controls language, math, reading and writing

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15
Q

why is a blow to the back of the head often fatal?

A

it damages the medulla

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16
Q

how are the human brain and sheep brain..

  • similar
  • diiferent
A
  • same basic structures

- smaller, convolutions are less prominent, olfactory bulbs are larger

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17
Q

nucleus

  • definition
  • found where
A
  • group/collection of cell bodies of neurons

- in CNS

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18
Q

tract

A

bundle of axons

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19
Q

why is the term basal ganglia incorrect

A

ganglia is a group of cell bodies in CNS

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20
Q

gray matter

A

butterfly or H-shaped area in center of spinal cord

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21
Q

gray commissure

A

center part of gray matter containing “butterfly body” or horizontal bar of letter H

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22
Q

central canal

A

small space in the center of the gray commissure that is continuous with ventricles and contains CSF

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23
Q

what is white matter?

-gray matter?

A
  • myelinated axons

- unmyelinated axons, cell bodies of neurons

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24
Q

deep reflexes

  • definition
  • contains
A

stretches the muscle and activates a receptor deep within the muscle called the muscle spindle
-intrafusal fibers (supplied by sensory neurons)

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25
extrafusal fibers
muscle fibers that perform the muscle's work of contracting
26
superficial reflexes - definition - result from
initiated by special receptors in the skin | -painful stimuli, temp changes or touch
27
patellar reflex - receptor - sensory nerve - location of integrative center - motor nerve - effector
- intrafusal fibers of muscle - spinal nerve - spinal cord - spinal nerve - extrafusal fibers of quads
28
hyperreflexia
exaggerated reflexes that indicate damage to spinal cord, spinal nerves, skeletal muscles or higher brain centers
29
hyporelexia
weak reflexes that indicate damage to spinal cord, spinal nerves, skeletal muscles or higher brain centers
30
how is the knee jerk response affected when the Jendrassic maneuver is performed?
increase (hyperreflexia)
31
how is the knee jerk response affected when the muscles are fatigued due to excerise?
decrease (hyporeflexia)
32
what happened to the right pupil when it was exposed to the light? -left?
- constrict | - constrict
33
where is the receptor located
in the retina
34
what is the afferent neuron in the eye
in the optic nerve
35
spinal frog 1. resting position 2. tilt 3. righting from back to front 4. noise 5. acetic acid 6. toe pinch 7. swimming
1. not present 2. present 3. present 4. not present 5. present 6. present 7. present
36
double pithed frog 1. resting position 2. tilt 3. righting from back to front 4. noise 5. acetic acid 6. toe pinch 7. swimming
all not present
37
which activites require an intact brain
noise and resting
38
which reflexes require the spinal cord only
acid, toe pinch, swimming, righting
39
which reflex could be classified as superficial?
acid and toe pitch
40
which reflex could be classified as a deep reflex?
swimming and righting
41
eyebrows
prevents sun and perspiration from entering eyes
42
eyelids - 2 functions - contains what
1. prevents foreign objects and sun from entering the eyes 2. covers the eyes during sleep - small glands that secrete oil onto the eye to prevent tears from evaporating
43
eyelashes
initiates reflex blinking when stimulated
44
conjunctiva - definition - produces - contains
thin membrane that lines eyelids and covers eyeball up to the edge of the cornea - produces mucus to moisten eye - contains blood vessels that dilate when the eyes are blood shot
45
lacrimal apparatus
a group of structures that produces tears, secretes them on the surface of the eye and carries them away
46
what do tears contain | -4 things
1. salt 2. mucus 3. antibodies 4. antibacterial enzyme lysozyme
47
lacrimal gland
produces tears
48
lacrimal gland ducts
small ducts that drain tears from the lacrimal gland and the conjunctiva
49
lacrimal canals
passageways that drain tears reaching the medial eye to lacrimal sac
50
nasolacrimal duct
carries tears from nasolacrimal sac into the nasal cavity
51
superior rectus
moves the eye up
52
inferior rectus
moves the eye down
53
lateral rectus
moves the eye laterally
54
medial rectus
moves the eye medially
55
superior oblique
moves the eye laterally and down
56
inferior oblique
moves the eye medially and up
57
Outer fibrous tunic | -includes 2 things
1. sclera | 2. cornea
58
sclera
white of the eye and maintains the shape of the eyeball | -consists of white fibrous connective tissue
59
cornea
transparent avascular tissue
60
middle vascular tunic | -includes 3 things
1. choroid 2. ciliary body 3. iris
61
ciliary body
contains a smooth muscle called the ciliary muscle that controls lens shape during focus
62
choroid
numerous blood vessels provide nutrition and absorbs light
63
iris
contains the pupil and controls the amount of light entering through the pupil
64
inner neural tunic | -includes what
retina
65
retina | -5 features
1. rods 2. cones 3. optic disk 4. macula lutea 5. fovea centralis
66
rods
responsible fror vision in dim light
67
cones
responsible for color vision and acuity
68
optic disk
point of retina where optic nerve exits
69
macula lutea
yellow spot lateral to optic disc
70
aqueous humor - location - function - consistancy - site and rate of formation - drainage
- anterior to lens in anterior chamber; b/n lens and cornea - maintains shape of eye and interocular pressure - water - ciliary body - canal of schlemm
71
vitreous humor - location - function - consistancy - site and rate of formation - drainage
- posterior chamber, posterior lens - transmits light, holds retina against choroid, maintains interocular pressure - gel-like - lasts for lifetime - none
72
visual acuity
amount of detail that you can see
73
astigmatism
produced by an abnormal curvature of the lens and/or cornea
74
blind spot
the area where images focused on the optic nerve cannot be seen
75
near point
the closest distance at which an object can be seen in sharp focus
76
color blindness
an impaired ability to distinguish colors | -occurs when one of the types of cones is missing
77
dominant eye
one that you rely on the most
78
optical illusion
a false interpretation of a visual sensation
79
pinna
a flexible flap attached to the head
80
external auditory ear
a one-inch passageway that connects the pinna to the eardrum | -contains small hairs and ceruminous glands which secrete ear wax
81
tympanic membrane
a thin membrane which separates the outer and middle ear
82
auditory ossicles | -contains 3 things
1. malleus 2. incus 3. stapes
83
auditory tube
equalizes the air pressure in the middle ear with the atmospheric pressure
84
static equilibrium
maintains the position of the head in response to changes in the pull of gravity
85
dynamic equalibrium
maintains balance in response to changes in direction of movement

Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lab (4 decks)

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