lab exam 4 Flashcards
gyri
smooth up folded areas of the cerebral cortex
sulci
shallow grooves between folds
fissues
deep grooves between folds
longitudinal cerebral fissure
divides cerebrum into right and left hemispheres
central sulcus
separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe
precentral sulcus
shallow groove anterior to central sulcus
postcentral sulcus
shallow groove posterior to central sulcus
lateral sulcus
divides parietal lobe from temporal lobe
parieto-occipital sulcus
separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe (not visible on brain surface)
Precentral gyrus
upfold area between central sulcus and postcentral gyrus
what simple tests could you perform to demonstrate normal function of the cerebellum
balance and coordination/walk along line
why is the cerebrum convoluted?
to make more space
what is the purpose of the sulci and gyri
so that we can fit more neurons
does each cerebral hemisphere perform the exact same function?
no, the right has 3D, sensory, environmental info and the left controls language, math, reading and writing
why is a blow to the back of the head often fatal?
it damages the medulla
how are the human brain and sheep brain..
- similar
- diiferent
- same basic structures
- smaller, convolutions are less prominent, olfactory bulbs are larger
nucleus
- definition
- found where
- group/collection of cell bodies of neurons
- in CNS
tract
bundle of axons
why is the term basal ganglia incorrect
ganglia is a group of cell bodies in CNS
gray matter
butterfly or H-shaped area in center of spinal cord
gray commissure
center part of gray matter containing “butterfly body” or horizontal bar of letter H
central canal
small space in the center of the gray commissure that is continuous with ventricles and contains CSF
what is white matter?
-gray matter?
- myelinated axons
- unmyelinated axons, cell bodies of neurons
deep reflexes
- definition
- contains
stretches the muscle and activates a receptor deep within the muscle called the muscle spindle
-intrafusal fibers (supplied by sensory neurons)
extrafusal fibers
muscle fibers that perform the muscle’s work of contracting
superficial reflexes
- definition
- result from
initiated by special receptors in the skin
-painful stimuli, temp changes or touch
patellar reflex
- receptor
- sensory nerve
- location of integrative center
- motor nerve
- effector
- intrafusal fibers of muscle
- spinal nerve
- spinal cord
- spinal nerve
- extrafusal fibers of quads
hyperreflexia
exaggerated reflexes that indicate damage to spinal cord, spinal nerves, skeletal muscles or higher brain centers
hyporelexia
weak reflexes that indicate damage to spinal cord, spinal nerves, skeletal muscles or higher brain centers
how is the knee jerk response affected when the Jendrassic maneuver is performed?
increase (hyperreflexia)
how is the knee jerk response affected when the muscles are fatigued due to excerise?
decrease (hyporeflexia)
what happened to the right pupil when it was exposed to the light?
-left?
- constrict
- constrict
where is the receptor located
in the retina
what is the afferent neuron in the eye
in the optic nerve
spinal frog
- resting position
- tilt
- righting from back to front
- noise
- acetic acid
- toe pinch
- swimming
- not present
- present
- present
- not present
- present
- present
- present
double pithed frog
- resting position
- tilt
- righting from back to front
- noise
- acetic acid
- toe pinch
- swimming
all not present
which activites require an intact brain
noise and resting
which reflexes require the spinal cord only
acid, toe pinch, swimming, righting
which reflex could be classified as superficial?
acid and toe pitch
which reflex could be classified as a deep reflex?
swimming and righting
eyebrows
prevents sun and perspiration from entering eyes
eyelids
- 2 functions
- contains what
- prevents foreign objects and sun from entering the eyes
- covers the eyes during sleep
- small glands that secrete oil onto the eye to prevent tears from evaporating
eyelashes
initiates reflex blinking when stimulated
conjunctiva
- definition
- produces
- contains
thin membrane that lines eyelids and covers eyeball up to the edge of the cornea
- produces mucus to moisten eye
- contains blood vessels that dilate when the eyes are blood shot
lacrimal apparatus
a group of structures that produces tears, secretes them on the surface of the eye and carries them away
what do tears contain
-4 things
- salt
- mucus
- antibodies
- antibacterial enzyme lysozyme
lacrimal gland
produces tears
lacrimal gland ducts
small ducts that drain tears from the lacrimal gland and the conjunctiva
lacrimal canals
passageways that drain tears reaching the medial eye to lacrimal sac
nasolacrimal duct
carries tears from nasolacrimal sac into the nasal cavity
superior rectus
moves the eye up
inferior rectus
moves the eye down
lateral rectus
moves the eye laterally
medial rectus
moves the eye medially
superior oblique
moves the eye laterally and down
inferior oblique
moves the eye medially and up
Outer fibrous tunic
-includes 2 things
- sclera
2. cornea
sclera
white of the eye and maintains the shape of the eyeball
-consists of white fibrous connective tissue
cornea
transparent avascular tissue
middle vascular tunic
-includes 3 things
- choroid
- ciliary body
- iris
ciliary body
contains a smooth muscle called the ciliary muscle that controls lens shape during focus
choroid
numerous blood vessels provide nutrition and absorbs light
iris
contains the pupil and controls the amount of light entering through the pupil
inner neural tunic
-includes what
retina
retina
-5 features
- rods
- cones
- optic disk
- macula lutea
- fovea centralis
rods
responsible fror vision in dim light
cones
responsible for color vision and acuity
optic disk
point of retina where optic nerve exits
macula lutea
yellow spot lateral to optic disc
aqueous humor
- location
- function
- consistancy
- site and rate of formation
- drainage
- anterior to lens in anterior chamber; b/n lens and cornea
- maintains shape of eye and interocular pressure
- water
- ciliary body
- canal of schlemm
vitreous humor
- location
- function
- consistancy
- site and rate of formation
- drainage
- posterior chamber, posterior lens
- transmits light, holds retina against choroid, maintains interocular pressure
- gel-like
- lasts for lifetime
- none
visual acuity
amount of detail that you can see
astigmatism
produced by an abnormal curvature of the lens and/or cornea
blind spot
the area where images focused on the optic nerve cannot be seen
near point
the closest distance at which an object can be seen in sharp focus
color blindness
an impaired ability to distinguish colors
-occurs when one of the types of cones is missing
dominant eye
one that you rely on the most
optical illusion
a false interpretation of a visual sensation
pinna
a flexible flap attached to the head
external auditory ear
a one-inch passageway that connects the pinna to the eardrum
-contains small hairs and ceruminous glands which secrete ear wax
tympanic membrane
a thin membrane which separates the outer and middle ear
auditory ossicles
-contains 3 things
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
auditory tube
equalizes the air pressure in the middle ear with the atmospheric pressure
static equilibrium
maintains the position of the head in response to changes in the pull of gravity
dynamic equalibrium
maintains balance in response to changes in direction of movement
