Lab Exam 2 Flashcards
What is passive transport?
No energy is required; moves down the gradient (high → low).
What is active transport?
Requires energy (ATP); moves against the gradient (low → high).
What are the means of passive transport?
Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion.
What are the means of active transport?
Protein pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis.
Give an example of passive transport.
Oxygen entering cells, water moving via osmosis.
Give an example of active transport.
Sodium-potassium pump, glucose uptake in intestines.
What is endocytosis?
Cell engulfs material (phagocytosis, pinocytosis).
What is exocytosis?
Cell expels material in vesicles.
What is equilibrium?
When solute concentration is equal throughout a solution.
Define solution.
A homogeneous mixture.
What is a solvent?
Substance that dissolves solute (e.g., water).
What is a solute?
Substance dissolved (e.g., salt).
What happens in a hypotonic solution?
Water enters the cell → swells.
What happens in a hypertonic solution?
Water leaves the cell → shrinks.
What happens in an isotonic solution?
No net water movement.
What is cytolysis?
Bursting of animal cells in a hypotonic solution.
What is plasmolysis?
Shrinking of plant cells in a hypertonic solution.
What is cellular respiration?
Breakdown of glucose for ATP.
What is aerobic respiration?
Respiration that occurs with oxygen.
What is anaerobic respiration?
Respiration that occurs without oxygen.
What is glycolysis?
First step of cellular respiration; breaks glucose into 2 pyruvate in the cytoplasm.
What are the stages of aerobic respiration?
Glycolysis (cytoplasm), Krebs cycle (mitochondrial matrix), Electron Transport Chain (inner mitochondrial membrane).
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ~36 ATP.
How do photosynthesis and respiration relate?
They are opposite processes; one stores energy, the other releases it.
What is fermentation?
Anaerobic process to regenerate NAD⁺.
What is lactic acid fermentation?
Occurs in muscles.
What is ethanol fermentation?
Occurs in yeast.
What is the lactic acid fermentation equation?
Glucose → 2 Lactic Acid + 2 ATP.
What is the ethanol fermentation equation?
Glucose → 2 Ethanol + 2 CO₂ + 2 ATP.
What is the fermentation pathway?
Glycolysis → fermentation products.
Compare aerobic respiration and fermentation.
Aerobic: More ATP, requires O₂; Fermentation: Less ATP, no O₂.
What role does yeast play in fermentation?
Uses fermentation for energy; CO₂ makes bread rise; ethanol for alcohol.
What apparatus/methods are used in cellular respiration labs?
Respirometers, glucose tests, CO₂ indicators.
What do photosynthetic organisms do?
Convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose).
What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
Includes visible (ROYGBIV) and nonvisible (UV, IR, etc.) light.
How do objects appear in terms of color perception?
Objects reflect the color you see and absorb others.
What are pigments?
Substances that absorb light for photosynthesis (chlorophyll = green).
What is the photosynthesis equation?
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
What happens in light-dependent reactions?
Occurs in thylakoids; needs light, makes ATP/NADPH.
What happens in light-independent reactions?
Occurs in stroma; uses ATP/NADPH to make glucose (Calvin cycle).
What are chloroplasts?
Organelles containing thylakoids (light reactions) and stroma (dark reactions).
What is DNA?
Double helix that carries genetic information.
What is DNA extraction?
Break cell membrane + dissolve proteins to isolate DNA.
What are somatic cells?
Cells that undergo mitosis for growth/repair.
What are gametes?
Cells that undergo meiosis for reproduction.
What is the somatic cell cycle?
Interphase: G₁, S (DNA replication), G₂; Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase; Cytokinesis: Division of cytoplasm.
What is meiosis?
Two divisions resulting in 4 haploid gametes.
What is the significance of tetrad, synapsis, and crossing over?
They contribute to genetic diversity.
Compare mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis produces 2 identical cells; Meiosis produces 4 diverse gametes.
What is slide ID?
Recognizing stages in microscope or models.
What is the importance of microscopes?
They allow viewing of tiny structures.
What are the parts of a microscope?
Ocular, objective lenses, stage, diaphragm, light, base, arm.
How should a microscope be handled?
Use both hands and start on the lowest power.
How do you examine a slide?
Use coarse focus then fine focus.
What is magnification?
Ocular (10×) × Objective (4×, 10×, 40×).
What is a wet mount?
Place sample + water on slide, cover with a slip.
What are the 3 domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.
What are the 6 kingdoms?
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Bacteria, Archaea.
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic: No nucleus; Eukaryotic: Has nucleus.
What are the differences between plant and animal cells?
Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts; Animal cells have no cell wall and contain centrioles.
