chapter 10 Flashcards
Which processes are examples of genetic engineering?
Treating a disease using stem cells, Cloning your beloved pet, Producing soy heme molecules in yeast for the meat-like qualities of the Impossible burger, Genetically modifying fruits to ripen slowly
Ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm and consist of _________.
protein and rRNA
A transgenic organism has undergone which of the following?
Insertion of a gene from a different species into its own DNA
Which of the following is a function of RNA polymerase?
Binds to DNA and unzips the double helix
When does a mutation in the DNA sequence cause the production of a dysfunctional protein?
When it changes the reading frame
Sequences of three RNA nucleotides are called ______. Each of these encodes a(an) ______. Transfer RNA carries a(an) ______.
codons; amino acid; anticodon
Which of the following is not a reason for producing genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?
Prevent human susceptibility to diseases, such as malaria, in a developing country
Gene expression is regulated by special proteins. What are these proteins in prokaryotes?
Repressors, which prevent RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter
What are mutations?
Changes in the sequence of DNA bases
Which properties describe DNA?
double-stranded, contains deoxyribose, contains thymine
In protein synthesis, _________ is the step where a gene is copied. This is followed by _________, during which RNA is decoded to produce a protein.
transcription; translation
What occurs when a ribosome encounters a stop codon?
No additional amino acids are added, and the protein chain is released into the cytoplasm.
How are restriction enzymes used in making recombinant proteins?
To “cut” DNA into smaller segments for insertion into plasmids
In eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the _________, whereas translation occurs in the __________.
nucleus; cytoplasm
Which of the following states the correct sequence of events in making an enzyme?
DNA→RNA→protein
Human stem cells are undifferentiated and can be programmed to develop into any cell type. Which diseases or conditions may one day be treated with an individual’s own modified stem cells?
multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Arthritis
What technique is used to clone an animal?
Nuclear transfer from an adult cell to an egg cell
What is the genetic code?
The list of mRNA codons and the amino acids they specify
Which properties describe RNA?
single-stranded, contains uracil, contains ribose
What is a codon?
A sequence of three mRNA nucleotides
Which of the following choices is the complementary RNA strand to the DNA sequence TACGGTACCATTG?
AUGCCAUGGUAAC
How do transfer RNAs (tRNAs) add the correct amino acid to the growing polypeptide?
By complementary base pairing between the tRNA anticodon and the messenger (mRNA) codon
What are the first two steps in making recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH)?
(1) Removal of BGH gene from cow chromosome; (2) insertion of BGH gene into bacterial plasmid
