Lab exam

Question 1

Functions of the Kidney

Answer 1

❑ excretion of wastes in the form of urine
❑ regulation of blood volume and pressure through the production of
urine
❑ regulation of concentration of major ions in the body
❑ regulation of extracellular fluid pH
❑ regulation of red blood cell synthesis through hormonal control with
the hormone erythropoietin
❑ regulation of vitamin D synthesis

Question 2

Urinalysis

Answer 2

❑ generally easily available and relatively inexpensive
simple test

❑ provides many useful information about various diseases
and conditions

❑ “a poor man’s kidney biopsy” because of the plethora of
information that can be obtained about the health of the
kidney or other internal diseases

❑ 30 to 60 mL clean catch or the midstream urine collection

❑ sample should be taken to the laboratory for analysis,
typically within one hour of collection
(if transportation to the lab could take more than one hour,
sample may be refrigerated)

Question 3

Urinalysis composed of different types of examinations

Answer 3

o Physical examination
o Chemical examination
o Microscopic examination

Question 4

Urine mostly water with ____% dissolved substances

Answer 4

Five

Question 5

substances not normally present in urine

Answer 5

• serum proteins
• glucose
• ketones
• bicarbonate ions
• oxalate ions

Question 6

Urine Physical
Characteristics

Answer 6

odorless or can be slightly
pungent

no cloudiness

usually slightly acidic (~pH 6.0)
but can range from 4.5-8.0

Question 7

Urine Color

dark urine -

red urine -

orange or tea-colored -

tea-colored -

very foamy –

Answer 7

dark urine – dehydration

red urine – hematuria

orange or tea-colored – muscle breakdown

tea-colored – liver disease

cloudy – infection

very foamy – large amounts of protein in the urine

Question 8

Substances that cause cloudiness but
are not considered unhealthy:

Answer 8

Mucus

Sperm

Prostatic fluid

Cells from the skin

normal urine crystals

Question 9

Substances that cause cloudiness that
requires attention:

Answer 9

RBC’s

WBC’s

Bacteria

Question 10

________ play an important role in
maintaining acid-base balance of the
body

Answer 10

Kidneys

Question 11

Test for Protein:

Biuret Test

Answer 11

forms a violet/blue violet-colored
complex with the protein’s peptide bond

Question 12

More sensitive test for small amounts of
urine albumin; routinely used to
screen people with chronic
conditions that put them at risk for
kidney disease

Answer 12

Urine albumin test

Question 13

Test for Protein

Normal:

Answer 13

no protein or small amount
of protein in the urine

Question 14

Elevated urine protein

Answer 14

Proteinuria

Maybe a sign of kidney disease

Question 15

Test for Sugar

Benedict’s Test

Answer 15

Brick-red precipitate (may depend on the amount of sugar
in urine)

Question 16

Test for Sugar

Normal:

Answer 16

no glucose in urine

Question 17

presence of glucose because of
either excessive high glucose level in the blood
or a reduction in the “renal threshold”

Answer 17

Glucosuria

Question 18

Can be caused by hormonal disorders, liver disease,
medications, pregnancy

Answer 18

Glucosuria

Question 19

Test for Ketone Bodies

Answer 19

Results:
pinkish ring (+)

Red ring (++)

Deep purple ring (+++)

Question 20

Presence of high levels of ketones in urine

Answer 20

Ketonuria

Question 20

Test for Bicarbonate

Answer 20

Formation of gas bubbles

Question 21

excess ketones and glucose dumped into the urine by the
kidneys to eliminate from the body

usually seen in persons with uncontrolled Type 1 diabetes

Answer 21

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Question 22

Highly alkaline blood or tissues =

Answer 22

significant presence of bicarbonate in urine (alkaline urine)

Question 23

When bicarbonate levels are higher/lower than normal, it is
suggestive of the body’s trouble in maintaining its ______________

Answer 23

acid-base balance

Question 24

electrolyte imbalance is

Answer 24

potassium deficiency

Question 25

Test for Chlorine

Answer 25

formation of white precipitate

Question 26

o one of the most important electrolytes

o helps keep the balance of amount of fluid inside and outside
of the cells

o helps maintain proper blood volume, blood pressure, and pH
of the body fluids

Answer 26

Chloride (Cl-)

Question 27

Test for chloride level

Answer 27

if there are symptoms such as muscle twitching or spasms,
breathing problems, weakness, or confusion

to find out any kidney or adrenal gland problems

to help find the cause for high blood pH (metabolic alkalosis)

Question 28

Test for Ammonia

Use of litmus paper

Answer 28

To check how well the liver is working

Question 29

may undergo aerobic or anaerobic ATP production;
however in anaerobic conditions,
fewer generations will grow

Answer 29

facultative aerobes

Question 30

one of the most intensively studied
eukaryotic model organism

brewer’s yeast or baker’s yeast

single-celled fungus microorganism

Answer 30

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Question 31

observed as formation of gas bubbles
from the rubber tubing submerged in the
Ca(OH)2 solution

observed as the ‘beer’-like smell of
the flask after the experiment

Answer 31

Alcohol Fermentation in Yeast Cells

Question 32

These are structurally diverse organic compounds obtained from living organisms

Insoluble in polar solvents (water & alcohol)

soluble in nonpolar solvents (diethyl ether, hexane)

Answer 32

Lipids

Question 33

Almost 90% of dietary lipids are composed mainly of

Answer 33

Triacylglycerols (TAGs).

Question 34

Derived from fatty acids having
larger number of double bonds

Have lower melting points

liquids at room temperature

Answer 34

Oils

Question 35

__________ the number of double bonds in the fatty acid side
chains ___________ the melting point of the triacylglycerol.

Answer 35

Increasing

Decreases

Question 36

• It is one of the major ingredients in potato
  chips because its chemical properties have
  the ability to create unique textures
• It affects how flavors are perceived in the
  mouth

Answer 36

Fats and Potato Chips

Question 37

Light, volatile, petroleum fraction
predominantly composed of ….

Answer 37

Aliphatic hydrocarbons

Question 37

A nonpolar organic solvent used in this
experiment to extract lipids from potato
chips

Answer 37

Petroleum ether