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Mammalian physiology > LAB EXAM! > Flashcards

LAB EXAM! Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of goblet cells?

A

Produce and maintain the protective mucus blanket by synthesizing and secreting high MW glycoproteins known as mucins

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2
Q

Why so many goblet cells in colon?

A

Mucus is an important lubricant that protects the epithelium and also serves to bind the dehydrated ingesta to form feces

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3
Q

Epithelium classification:
1. mammalian skin
2. lumen surface of stomach
3. jejunum
4. outer covering (serosa) of jejunum
5. colon
6. around blood vessels

A
  1. stratified squamous
  2. simple columnar
  3. simple columnar
  4. simple squamous
  5. simple columnar
  6. simple squamous
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4
Q

Difference between erythrocytes and leucocytes?

A

Erythrocytes: no nucleus and concave (reason for white center)
Leucocytes: have nucleus (stained dark purple)

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5
Q

4 main functions of glial cells
- where are they located?

A
  • surround neurons and hold them in place
  • supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons
  • insulate (by producing myelin) one neuron from another
  • destroy and remove dead neurons (clean up)
    *located in white and grey matter
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6
Q

Function of fibroblasts?

A

Produce extracellular matrix components! macrophages, elastic fibers, mast cells, GAG, collagen fibers

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7
Q

What are the 3 layers of muscle in stomach? Vs how many layers in rest of GI tract?

A
  1. Oblique layer (most on top)
  2. Circular layer (middle)
  3. Longitudinal layer (bottom
    Rest of GI tract only circular and longitudinal
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8
Q

Rank order: muscularis, mucosa, serosa, submucosa, lumen

A

Lumen –> mucosa –> submucosa (connective tissue) –> muscularis –> serosa (simple squamous epithelial)

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9
Q

Pectic cells release what in stomach? (2)
Parietal cells release what?

A
  • Pepsinogen and chymosin  Pepsinogen activated into pepsin when acidic conditions
  • HCl
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10
Q

Where do you find entrance to L and R coronary arteries?

A

Aortic sinus! In the aortic arch, before the brachiocephalic trunk

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11
Q

4 coverings of heart? + function

A

PERICARDIUM:
- fluid filled sac providing protection against friction  not on specimen
EPICARDIUM:
- outer layer of heart wall (visceral layer)
MYOCARDIUM:
- muscle tissue of heart
ENDOCARDIUM:
- inner layer of heart wall
- trabeculae carnae muscle!!

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12
Q

What are the 2 chambers of heart + explain
+ extra? What muscle?

A

ATRIA:
- 2 superior chambers of heart, receiving blood
VENTRICLES:
- 2 lower chambers of heart, pumping chambers
AURICLES:
- earlike appendage of each atrium of the heart –> pectinate muscle

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13
Q

Which valves need _______ _______ and ______ muscles to close completely, to prevent regurgitation/back flow?

A
  • tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral valves  atrioventricular valves
  • chordae tendinae (ligaments) that attach to papillary muscles
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14
Q

What carries part of the right branch of AV bundle from septum to anterior papillary muscle?
- only which part of the heart has it?

A

Trabecula septomarginalis
- only R ventricle has it

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15
Q

What is the role of valves of heart?
- 2 categories + 2 in each category

A
  • Mechanical devices that permit flow of blood in one direction only
  • Atrioventricular: tricuspid (3 cusps) and bicuspid/mitral (2 cusps)
  • semilunar: half-moon shaped flaps growing out from lining of pulmonary artery (pulmonary semilunar valve) and of aorta (aortic semilunar valve)
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16
Q

Systemic blood circulation + pulmonary circulation

A

deox blood from superior and inferior vena cava  right atrium  tricuspid valve  right ventricle  pulmonary semi-lunar valve  pulmonary trunk  left and right pulmonary artery  CO2-O2 exchange  oxygenated blood in pulmonary vein  left atrium  bicuspid valve  left ventricle  aortic semi-lunar valve  aorta  whole body

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17
Q

Cross section of heart showing all 4 valves and arteries. How do you know which valve is the aortic vs pulmonary one?

A

Know it’s aortic because the coronary arteries leave it!

18
Q

How is the heart supplied with blood?
When?

A
  • by ways of right and left coronary arteries
  • coronary arteries fill aorta when ventricles relax = diastole! Suring isovolumetric relaxation : aortic valve closes, blood fill coronary arteries
19
Q

How is cardiac deox blood returned to heart? To which chamber?

A

via the great cardiac vein –> into the right atrium via the coronary sinus

20
Q

What does right coronary artery supply?
What does left coronary artery supply?
Which one branches into 2?

A
  • R –> right atrium and R ventricle
  • L –> left atrium and L ventricle
  • Left coronary artery leaves left sinus –> short branch splits into
    1. circumflex artery: coronary groove
    2. paraconal (anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery) along septal wall/beside cardiac vein
21
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the conduction system + describe/location

A
  1. Sinoatrial node (SA node or pacemaker): hundreds of cells (autorythmic) located in right atrial wall near superior vena cava
  2. atrioventricular node: special cardiac tissue located in right atrium along the lower part of interatrial septum
  3. atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) and purkinje fibers: special cardiac fibers originating in AV node, extend down septum, become purkinje fibers at lateral walls of ventricles and papillary muscles
22
Q

Does SA node need signal from nervous system to contract heart?

A

Nope! Self-excitable cell!

23
Q

What slows down the signal to the SA node?

A

AV node delay

24
Q

Which sympathetic fibers (from which segments of the spinal cord) and which parasympathetic nerve increase/decrease heart rate?

A
  • SNS –> T2 to T4 ganglia –> increase heart rate
  • PSNS –> vagus nerve (nerve 10) –> decrease heart rate
25
Q

Explain the conduction system of heart

A
  1. SA node –> sends depolarization to both auricles and atria (contract at same time) –> push blood into ventricles
  2. AV node slows down impulse (?)
  3. bundle of His make whole ventricles contract
  4. repolarization –> diastole for blood to fill back up
26
Q

Are cardiac cells dependant or independent of one another? Explain

A

Dependant! They are connected through the intercalated disks (formed by desmosomes and gap junctions)
- desmosomes

27
Q

What is ECG?

A

Electrocardiogram  graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity (conduction impulse)
- impulse conduction generates electrical currents in the heart, spread to tissue and surface of body
- it is not a record of the heart’s contraction but the electrical events that precede them

28
Q

Describe the different waves of the ECG + steps (7 steps)

A
  1. heart wall is completely relaxed, no change in electrical activity, so the ECG remains constant
  2. P wave –> when AV node (?) and atrial walls depolarize
  3. atrial walls completely depolarize and thus no change is recorded in ECG = atrial delay!  atria contract  filling of ventricles
    4.QRS complex: atria repolarize (little downward Q) and ventricular walls depolarize
  4. Atrial walls are completely repolarized + ventricular walls are now completely depolarized  no change in ECG = ventricular contraction
  5. T wave: repolarization of ventricular walls
  6. back at baseline. TP line = diastole
29
Q

Depolarization triggers ____A_____ in affected muscle tissue. Cardiac muscle _____A_____ occurs after/before __________ begins

A

A = contraction
- occurs after depolarization

30
Q

What is isovolumetric contraction vs isovolumetric relaxation?

A

CONTRACTION:
- very short period of time when all ventricular blood volume remains the same because all 4 valves are closed due to blood pressure created in chambers (ventricles) during beginning of ventricles systole. Phase marks the beginning of systole
RELAXATION:
- when ventricular pressures drop below the diastolic aortic and pulmonary pressures, aortic and pulmonary valves close producing the second heart sound. This marks the beginning of diastole

31
Q

How does smoking affect heart function?

A

Smoking  vasoconstriction  increase blood pressure

32
Q

What does blood pressure represent?
Formula ish?

A
  • pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels
  • Systolic/diastolic
  • systolic: pressure as your heart beats and pushes blood through blood vessels
  • diastolic: pressure when the vessels relax btw heartbeats
33
Q

Suggested normal blood pressure?
Vs low vs normal high/limit for high
- men vs women

A
  • normal: 120/80
  • low: lower than 90/60
  • normal high/limit: 140/90
  • men have higher blood pressure than women
34
Q

What foods affect blood pressure? Vs what foods are good for blood pressure?

A

“NO” FOODS:
- high salt, medium salt, hydrogenated oils, sat fat, protein
YES FOODS:
- high potassium and calcium
- apples, avocadoes, bananas, broccoli, fish, grapes, oats, orange juice, water

35
Q

How to reduce blood pressure? (8)

A
  • stop smoking
  • reduce weight
  • exercise
  • low salt/protein
  • no caffeine
  • mild sedation
  • sufficient rest
  • don’t oversleep
36
Q

when you exercise, which segment in the ECG will increase/last longer?

A

TP (diastole) will decrease because heart beats faster so less time between each heart beat

37
Q

how does the stethoscope measure blood pressure?

A
  1. put on brachial artery
  2. pump to 160 mm Hg = no blood flowing
  3. then you release –> first sound = systolic, 2nd sound = diastole
38
Q

what is keratin?

A

tough protective protein which prevents water loss + is resistant to friction + repels bacteria

39
Q

what are the 3 types of fibers? + explain

A
  1. COLLAGEN FIBERS (white)
    - extremely tough (stronger than steel fibers)
    - can resist longitudinal stress
  2. ELASTIC FIBERS (yellow)
    - can be stretched to 1.5x length but recoil to initial length when released
    - found where greater elasticity is neede (lungs, blood vessel walls)
  3. RETICULAR FIBERS:
    - fine collagenous fibers
    - form delicate branching network supporting soft organs (liver and spleen)
40
Q

what are the 4 classes of connective tissue?
- identified on the basis of which 3 criteria?

A
  • connective tissue proper + cartilage + bone + blood
    1. cells (fibroblast, hemocyblast, chondroblast, osteoblast)
    2. fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)
    3. ground substance (ECM)
41
Q

Explain coronary blood circulation.
when is heart supplied?

A

coronary artery fill from the aorta when ventricle relaxes. they are the only blood vessels in body to fill when the heart is in diastole.
- both arteries originated from the aortic sinus
- blood is returned to right atrium through the great cardiac vein, via the coronary sinus

Mammalian physiology (13 decks)

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