Cardiovascular system - Lectures 13-14 Flashcards
cardiovascular system consists of (3)
- heart
- blood vessels
- blood
5 blood vessels
arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> veinules –> veins
arteries vs veins –> main function differentce?
- arteries: blood vessels leaving heart
- veins: blood vessels arriving to heart
what system joins 2 capillary beds in series?
portal system
hear:
- ______ divides heart into 2 halves
- _______ receives blood returning to heart
- ________ pumps blood out of heart
- septum divides
- atrium receives
- ventricules pump
plasma vs serum
- plasma: blood sample into anticoagulant tube –> no clot –> plasma contains all clotting factors + hormones/electrolytes/glucose…
- serum: blood sample without coagulant –> blood will clot –> liquid after = serum –> serum = plasma without clotting factors (fibrinogen
blood circulation starting from superior/inferior vena cava
- systemic vs pulmonary
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
- superior/inferior vena cava (deox blood) –> right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary trunk/arteries (containing deox blood) –> lungs –> pulmonary veins (ox blood) –> left atrium
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION:
- left atrium –> left ventricle –> aorta –> ascending arteries or abdominal aorta –> trunk/digestive system / kidneys / pelvis and legs / arms / head&brain –> capillaries –> ascending veins –> superior/inferior vena cava
- why does blood flow?
- from where to where
- because liquid moves from high to low pressure regions
- blood flows out of heart (highest pressure into closed loop of vessels (lower pressure)
- what are the 2 things that affect blood flow? proportional or inversely proportional?
- what is the formula?
- pressure gradient (delta P) –> difference in pressure btw 2 regions –> higher the pressure gradient, greater the fluid flow = proportional
- resistance –> higher the resistance, lower the fluid flow (inversely proportional)
- R proportional to deltaP/R
the pressure of a fluid in motion decreases/increases with distance
- pressure is increased/lost as blood moves through vessels (because of what?)
- which cavity in heart has highest vs lowest pressure?
- decreases with distance
- pressure is lost due to friction
- L ventricule has highest
- R atrium has lowest
what is hydrostatic pressure?
pressure exerted by a fluid not in motion –> exerted in all directions
contraction of heart creates _________ without changing _________ of blood
- blood leaves heart to vessels –> called ________ __________
- if blood vessels dilate, blood pressure increase/decrease?
- if blood vessels constrict, BP increase/decrease?
- pressure without changing volume of blood
- driving pressure
- dilate –> BP decreases
- constrict –> BP increases
do volume changes affect blood pressure in cardiovascular system?
yes!
which blood vessels have highest pressure? vs which have lowest?
put in order of highest to lowest
aorta (around 93 mmHg) –> arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> veins –> venae cavae (almost 0 mmHg)
What is Poiseuille’s law?
- resistance is proportional/inversely proportional to what? (3) –> relationship?
R = 8Ln/pi*r^4
- proportional to length of blood vessel (increase length = increase resistance
- proportional to viscosity (n) or thickness of blood (increase viscosity = increase resistance)
- inversely proportional to radius to the fourth power (= MOST IMPORTANT ASPECT!) –> increase radius = decrease resistance
flow vs velocity of flow? definition + formula
- flow/flow rate = volume of blood that passes a given point in system per unit of time –> flow = deltaP/ Resistance
- velocity of flow = distance a fixed volume of blood travels in a given period of time –> v = flow rate / cross-sectional area of tube
**flow rate of capillary and artery can be the same, but velocity won’t be bc of cross-sectional area
what is mean arterial pressure (MAP)? (2)
- proportional to what?
- primary driving force for blood force
- pressure reserved in arteries during heart relaxation
- MAP proportional to cardiac output (CO) x peripheral resistance (PR)
heart is made up mostly of which connective tissue? + encased in what?
mostly in myocardium
- encased in pericardium
paired atria vs paired ventricles –> which one are:
- thin-walled vs thick-walled
- upper vs lower chambers
PAIRED ATRIA:
- thin walled
- upper chambers
PAIRED VENTRICLES:
- thick walled
- lower chambers
what serves as origin and insertion for cardiac muscles?
connective tissue rings
- heart = size of a _______
- located under _______
- protected by (2)
- weight heavier in (2)
- base vs apex of heart location
- size of a fist
- under sternum
- protected by sternum and rib structures
- in males and athletes (bc more contractile proteins in muscle cells)
- base = top! vs apex = bottom, pointing towards left side
muscle of the heart is ________ like an ______ –> why?
twisted like an 8
- can squeeze out more blood during contraction (ie wringing out water from a towel)
- what artery/vein feeds heart itself?
- _________ occupy the bulk of the heart
- arteries and veins all attach to the _______ of the heart
- coronary artery and veins –> for blood circulation within the heart –> cardia muscles need E/blood + get rid of waste
- ventricles occupy bulk
- base of heart! (top)
- what are the 2 AV valves? how many cusps?
- how to keep AV valves closed?
- right AV = trisuspid –> 3 cusps
- left AV = bicuspid –> 2 cusps
- cusps linked to connective tissue/strings called chordae tendineae –> linked to papillary muscles. if pressure in ventricle is high, papillary muscle pull chordae tendinae to close valve so no blood goes into atrium