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Biology > Lab Exam 1 Prep > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 Prep Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why should we not blame bats for spreading the viruses?

A

humans and livestock moved into bat habitats.

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2
Q

T/F Bats have viruses because they fly and viruses live in the air.

A

False

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3
Q

T/F Bats roost in large groups spreading the viruses to other bats.

A

True

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4
Q

T/F Bats have viruses but tend to not get sick

A

True

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5
Q

T/F Bats’ bodies are a higher temperature compared to other mamals, thus keeping the viral load lower

A

True

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6
Q

T/F Because bats fly, they use a lot of energy which normally damages DNA. Bats have evolved mechanisms to fight off DNA damage and thus viruses too.

A

True

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7
Q

Dr. Rhiju das say the Sars-COV-19 virus is “not a novel entity on Earth but is novel in humans.” What does he mean when he uses the word “novel”?

A

“Novel” means “new” or “never seen before”

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8
Q

On an enevloped virus, what are the projections from the viral envelope called?
What do they do?

A

Spike protein; attaches to the phospholipids on a host cell

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9
Q

On the surface of a cell what are the projections that the spike proteins connect to?

A

Receptor proteins.

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10
Q

T/F In general, the class of viruses called “coronaviruses” are common in humans and normally cause cold-like symptoms.

A

True

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11
Q

Why is a virus that jumps from an animal to a human more dangerous?

A

Humans have not had enough time to evolve defenses against viruses that jump from animals.

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12
Q

In a healthy lung, what is the function of the alveoli?

A

gas exchange

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13
Q

In a normal (not severe) infection, what is the role of cytokines?

A

they signal immune cells to arrive to an area of infection.

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14
Q

what is the result of a “cytokine storm” seen in some covid-19 patients?

A

The immune system over-reacts to the viral infection.

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15
Q

An RNA vaccine agains SARS-CoV-2 would tell the body to make what?

A

Viral spike proteins

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16
Q

A type of cell that are long lived immune cells that recognize foreign particles they were previously exposed to is what type of cell?

A

memory cell

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17
Q

T/F The advantage of an RNA vaccine is that it can be developed quickly

A

true

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18
Q

What is a disadvantage of the production of RNA vaccines?

A

RNA vaccines decay easily.

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19
Q

What are the RNA vaccine researchers trying to do to combat the decay problem?

A

Find a better more stable shape of RNA.

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20
Q

According to the video, Evolution 101, what are the 2 key ingredients to natural selection

A

Reproduction and variation

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21
Q

What does the “fittest” mean in an evolutionary sense

A

The most reproductively successful

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22
Q

Evolution is _________

A

neither entirely fixed or entirely random

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23
Q

According to the video, Evolution 101, what is the goal of the tree of life?

A

To explain how all species are related to each other

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24
Q

On a phylogenitic tree, what does the connection of 2 different branches represent?

A

a common ancestor of those branches.

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25
Q

the oldest part of a phylogenetic tree is called ___

A

a root

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26
Q

The newest part of a phylogenetic tree is called___

A

Branch tips

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27
Q

Fossils provide:

A

Examples of transitional species
Physical proof of extinction and speciation,
Evidence that evolutionary change tends to be gradual.

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28
Q

For a mutation to affect evolution it must:

A

be able to get passed from parent to offspring.

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29
Q

What is evolution

A

any change to the genetic composition of a population

30
Q

“An organism that is closely related to the group you’re interested in, but not a part of it. A way to establish a basis of comparison for a trait analysis.”

What is it?

A

An outgroup

31
Q

Define Biogeography

A

the study of how organisms came to occupy locations around the globe.

32
Q

The galapagos finches are an example of an array of species that:

A

Each independently migrated to an island

33
Q

What is pangaea?

A

an ancient supercontinent.

34
Q

What is a red tide?

A

a type of algal bloom

35
Q

what type of organism causes the red tide described in the module?

A

dinoflagellate

36
Q

Why is red tide called “red”?

A

Karenia Brevis has red pigments in its cells

37
Q

Impacts of red tide on communities in florida include:

A

Decrease in tourism
Increased in respiratory illnesses
Decreases in profits for hotels and restaurants.

38
Q

As a photoautotroph, what trophic level would K. brevis belong to?

A

Trophic level 1

39
Q

What does “plankton” mean?

A

Organisms that drift

40
Q

What type of nutritional organisms are phytoplankton and what trophic level do they belong to?

A

Photoautotroph; trophic level 1

41
Q

Organisms that make up phytoplankton inlcude:

A
  • cyanobacteria
  • green algae
  • diatoms
  • dinoflagellates
42
Q

What type of nutritional organisms are zooplankton and what trophic level do they belong to?

A

Chemoheterotrophs: trophic level 2

43
Q

Organisms that are considered zooplankton inlcude:

A
  • insect larvae
  • jellyfish
  • krill
  • copepods
44
Q

Mycoplankton are specifically

A

saprotrophs

45
Q

What do mycoplankton provide for phytoplankton? What do phytoplankton provide for mycoplankton?

A

Mycoplankton provide nutrients, phytoplankton provide oxygen.

46
Q

Phytoplankton use sunlight for:

A

Photosynthesis

47
Q

If the salt levels vary in the ocean, phytoplankton can undergo

A

osmotic stress

48
Q

T/F in phytoplankton, metabolic processes increase with a slight rise in temperature.

A

True

49
Q

Mycoplankton and bacteria undergo _____, thus releasing nutrients into the aquatic environment.

A

decomposition

50
Q

What are the characteristices of dinoflagellates?

A
  • has 2 flagella
  • can have cellulose and silica plates
  • can be bioluminescent
  • is eukaryotic
51
Q

What do dinoflagellates provide for corals? What do corals provide for dinoflagellates?

A

Dinoflagellates provide organic nutrients; corals provide inorganic nutrients.

52
Q

Phototaxis means the dinoflagellates move towards____; whereas geotaxis means the dinoflagellates move towards___

A

sunlight; nutrients.

53
Q

T/F When dinoflagellates are stable, they undergo asexual reproduction. When dinoflagellates are stressed, they undergo sexual reproduction.

A

True

54
Q

An organism that can both eat and photosynthesize is called:

A

Mixotrophic

55
Q

How odes K. brevis immobilize prey?

A

with a toxin

56
Q

Brevetoxin is a type of____.

A

organic molecule

57
Q

What are the 2 methods used by K. brevis to ingest prey?

A
  • Phagocytosis

- use of a balloon

58
Q

3 reasons why red tides kill fish:

A
  • Brevetoxin affects the nervous system of fish
  • brevetoxin weakens the immune system of fish
  • Oxygen levels are depleted in the water
59
Q

T/F Brevetoxin causes neurons to burst or lyse

A

False

60
Q

What are the effects of brevetoxin on vertebrate nervous systems?

A
  • Sodium ion channels in neurons are blocked
  • action potentials are disrupted
  • prevents the recovery of a neuron after the action potential.
61
Q

T/F Biomagnification is a decrease in the amount of brevetoxin in an animal body the higher you go up in trophic levels.

A

false

62
Q

T/F The red tide can sicken humans if they eat contimated fish or shellfish; and/or if they breathe in the toxin

A

True

63
Q

Sewage plants dumping their waste into the ocean leads to what?

A

eutrophication

64
Q

Eutrophication is:

A

excessive richness of nutrients in a body of water, often due to runoff from land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from a lack of oxygen

65
Q

Bats are the only mammal capable of________.

A

flying long distances.

66
Q

bats are very important for:

A

our environment because of insect control and pollination.

67
Q

Bats use up _____ ______ more energy than other mammals of the same size on during an average day

A

20 times

68
Q

The by-product of producing an extraordinary amount of energy that bats need to fly are molecules called:

A

reactive oxygen species

69
Q

These damage DNA by ripping off its hydrogen atoms.

A

Molecules called reactive oxygen species

70
Q

Bats have evolved to handle DNA damage which includes

A

initiating antiviral immune responses.

Biology (3 decks)

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