Lab Exam 1 Prep

Question 1

why should we not blame bats for spreading the viruses?

Answer 1

humans and livestock moved into bat habitats.

Question 2

T/F Bats have viruses because they fly and viruses live in the air.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

T/F Bats roost in large groups spreading the viruses to other bats.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

T/F Bats have viruses but tend to not get sick

Answer 4

True

Question 5

T/F Bats’ bodies are a higher temperature compared to other mamals, thus keeping the viral load lower

Answer 5

True

Question 6

T/F Because bats fly, they use a lot of energy which normally damages DNA. Bats have evolved mechanisms to fight off DNA damage and thus viruses too.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Dr. Rhiju das say the Sars-COV-19 virus is “not a novel entity on Earth but is novel in humans.” What does he mean when he uses the word “novel”?

Answer 7

“Novel” means “new” or “never seen before”

Question 8

On an enevloped virus, what are the projections from the viral envelope called?
What do they do?

Answer 8

Spike protein; attaches to the phospholipids on a host cell

Question 9

On the surface of a cell what are the projections that the spike proteins connect to?

Answer 9

Receptor proteins.

Question 10

T/F In general, the class of viruses called “coronaviruses” are common in humans and normally cause cold-like symptoms.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Why is a virus that jumps from an animal to a human more dangerous?

Answer 11

Humans have not had enough time to evolve defenses against viruses that jump from animals.

Question 12

In a healthy lung, what is the function of the alveoli?

Answer 12

gas exchange

Question 13

In a normal (not severe) infection, what is the role of cytokines?

Answer 13

they signal immune cells to arrive to an area of infection.

Question 14

what is the result of a “cytokine storm” seen in some covid-19 patients?

Answer 14

The immune system over-reacts to the viral infection.

Question 15

An RNA vaccine agains SARS-CoV-2 would tell the body to make what?

Answer 15

Viral spike proteins

Question 16

A type of cell that are long lived immune cells that recognize foreign particles they were previously exposed to is what type of cell?

Answer 16

memory cell

Question 17

T/F The advantage of an RNA vaccine is that it can be developed quickly

Answer 17

true

Question 18

What is a disadvantage of the production of RNA vaccines?

Answer 18

RNA vaccines decay easily.

Question 19

What are the RNA vaccine researchers trying to do to combat the decay problem?

Answer 19

Find a better more stable shape of RNA.

Question 20

According to the video, Evolution 101, what are the 2 key ingredients to natural selection

Answer 20

Reproduction and variation

Question 21

What does the “fittest” mean in an evolutionary sense

Answer 21

The most reproductively successful

Question 22

Evolution is _________

Answer 22

neither entirely fixed or entirely random

Question 23

According to the video, Evolution 101, what is the goal of the tree of life?

Answer 23

To explain how all species are related to each other

Question 24

On a phylogenitic tree, what does the connection of 2 different branches represent?

Answer 24

a common ancestor of those branches.

Question 25

the oldest part of a phylogenetic tree is called ___

Answer 25

a root

Question 26

The newest part of a phylogenetic tree is called___

Answer 26

Branch tips

Question 27

Fossils provide:

Answer 27

Examples of transitional species Physical proof of extinction and speciation, Evidence that evolutionary change tends to be gradual.

Question 28

For a mutation to affect evolution it must:

Answer 28

be able to get passed from parent to offspring.

Question 29

What is evolution

Answer 29

any change to the genetic composition of a population

Question 30

"An organism that is closely related to the group you're interested in, but not a part of it. A way to establish a basis of comparison for a trait analysis." What is it?

Answer 30

An outgroup

Question 31

Define Biogeography

Answer 31

the study of how organisms came to occupy locations around the globe.

Question 32

The galapagos finches are an example of an array of species that:

Answer 32

Each independently migrated to an island

Question 33

What is pangaea?

Answer 33

an ancient supercontinent.

Question 34

What is a red tide?

Answer 34

a type of algal bloom

Question 35

what type of organism causes the red tide described in the module?

Answer 35

dinoflagellate

Question 36

Why is red tide called "red"?

Answer 36

Karenia Brevis has red pigments in its cells

Question 37

Impacts of red tide on communities in florida include:

Answer 37

Decrease in tourism Increased in respiratory illnesses Decreases in profits for hotels and restaurants.

Question 38

As a photoautotroph, what trophic level would K. brevis belong to?

Answer 38

Trophic level 1

Question 39

What does "plankton" mean?

Answer 39

Organisms that drift

Question 40

What type of nutritional organisms are phytoplankton and what trophic level do they belong to?

Answer 40

Photoautotroph; trophic level 1

Question 41

Organisms that make up phytoplankton inlcude:

Answer 41

- cyanobacteria - green algae - diatoms - dinoflagellates

Question 42

What type of nutritional organisms are zooplankton and what trophic level do they belong to?

Answer 42

Chemoheterotrophs: trophic level 2

Question 43

Organisms that are considered zooplankton inlcude:

Answer 43

- insect larvae - jellyfish - krill - copepods

Question 44

Mycoplankton are specifically

Answer 44

saprotrophs

Question 45

What do mycoplankton provide for phytoplankton? What do phytoplankton provide for mycoplankton?

Answer 45

Mycoplankton provide nutrients, phytoplankton provide oxygen.

Question 46

Phytoplankton use sunlight for:

Answer 46

Photosynthesis

Question 47

If the salt levels vary in the ocean, phytoplankton can undergo

Answer 47

osmotic stress

Question 48

T/F in phytoplankton, metabolic processes increase with a slight rise in temperature.

Answer 48

True

Question 49

Mycoplankton and bacteria undergo _____, thus releasing nutrients into the aquatic environment.

Answer 49

decomposition

Question 50

What are the characteristices of dinoflagellates?

Answer 50

- has 2 flagella - can have cellulose and silica plates - can be bioluminescent - is eukaryotic

Question 51

What do dinoflagellates provide for corals? What do corals provide for dinoflagellates?

Answer 51

Dinoflagellates provide organic nutrients; corals provide inorganic nutrients.

Question 52

Phototaxis means the dinoflagellates move towards____; whereas geotaxis means the dinoflagellates move towards___

Answer 52

sunlight; nutrients.

Question 53

T/F When dinoflagellates are stable, they undergo asexual reproduction. When dinoflagellates are stressed, they undergo sexual reproduction.

Answer 53

True

Question 54

An organism that can both eat and photosynthesize is called:

Answer 54

Mixotrophic

Question 55

How odes K. brevis immobilize prey?

Answer 55

with a toxin

Question 56

Brevetoxin is a type of____.

Answer 56

organic molecule

Question 57

What are the 2 methods used by K. brevis to ingest prey?

Answer 57

- Phagocytosis | - use of a balloon

Question 58

3 reasons why red tides kill fish:

Answer 58

- Brevetoxin affects the nervous system of fish - brevetoxin weakens the immune system of fish - Oxygen levels are depleted in the water

Question 59

T/F Brevetoxin causes neurons to burst or lyse

Answer 59

False

Question 60

What are the effects of brevetoxin on vertebrate nervous systems?

Answer 60

- Sodium ion channels in neurons are blocked - action potentials are disrupted - prevents the recovery of a neuron after the action potential.

Question 61

T/F Biomagnification is a decrease in the amount of brevetoxin in an animal body the higher you go up in trophic levels.

Answer 61

false

Question 62

T/F The red tide can sicken humans if they eat contimated fish or shellfish; and/or if they breathe in the toxin

Answer 62

True

Question 63

Sewage plants dumping their waste into the ocean leads to what?

Answer 63

eutrophication

Question 64

Eutrophication is:

Answer 64

excessive richness of nutrients in a body of water, often due to runoff from land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from a lack of oxygen

Question 65

Bats are the only mammal capable of________.

Answer 65

flying long distances.

Question 66

bats are very important for:

Answer 66

our environment because of insect control and pollination.

Question 67

Bats use up _____ ______ more energy than other mammals of the same size on during an average day

Answer 67

20 times

Question 68

The by-product of producing an extraordinary amount of energy that bats need to fly are molecules called:

Answer 68

reactive oxygen species

Question 69

These damage DNA by ripping off its hydrogen atoms.

Answer 69

Molecules called reactive oxygen species

Question 70

Bats have evolved to handle DNA damage which includes

Answer 70

initiating antiviral immune responses.