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Biology Chapter 28 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 6 criteria for classification?

A

1) The number of germ layers
2) Body symmetry
3) Body Plan
4) Type of coelom
5) Segmentation and HOX genes
6) Molecular data

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2
Q

What is a germ layer?

A

Primary tissue layer in vertebrates

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3
Q

How many germ layers are there? Name them.

A

There are 3.
Ectoderm - outter most layer
Mesoderm - middle layer
Endoderm - inner layer

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4
Q

Animals can have ____, ____, or _____ germ layers

A

None - sponge
2- jelly fish
3 -flat worms and all other animals.

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of symmetry?

A

Asymmetrical
Radial Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry

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6
Q

What is Aysmmetrical symmetry?

A

you cannot cut it or rotate it to obtain identical parts of the whole animal.

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7
Q

What is Radial Symmetry?

A

The animal is symmetric if rotated on a set point.

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8
Q

What is Bilateral Symmetry?

A

Identical left and right halves. Always has a head.

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9
Q

What is cephalization?

A

The formation of a head.

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10
Q

How many animal phyla are there currently?

A

35

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11
Q

What is a body plan?

A

it is the entrance and exit of food and waste.

“digestive system”

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12
Q

How many types of body plans are there?

Name them

A

2.

Sac body plan and Tube plan.

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13
Q

How does a sac body plan operate?

Is it complete or incomplete?

A

incomplete. Food and waste enter and exit out of the same hole.

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14
Q

how does a tube body plan operate?

is it complete or incomplete?

A

complete. food enters one hole and leaves through a separate one.

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15
Q

What is a coelom?

A

a body cavity that is isolated from the digestive tract and holds organs and fluid.

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16
Q

Why would an animal not be considered a “true” celomaete?

A

The animal may not be considered a true celomaete unless the body cavity is isolated from the digestive tract.

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17
Q

What are the three types of coelom grouping and what are their discriptions?

A

~acoelomate: no coelom
~pseudocoelomate: has a body cavity but it is not isolated from the digestive tract
~Coelomate: has coelom that is isolated from the digestive tract.

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18
Q

If the mouth develops first the animal is called a:

A

Protostome

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19
Q

If the anus develops first the animal is called a:

A

deuterostome.

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20
Q

What do HOX genes encode?

A

Homeotic Proteins

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21
Q

What do HOX genes orchestrate?

A

The developmental fate of a particular region of the body

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22
Q

How are HOX genes different for animals with a simple body plan vs an animal with a complex body plan?

A

Simple body plans have less HOX genes

Complex body plans have more.

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23
Q

What does the colonial flagellate hypothesis state?

A

That all animals are descended from an ancestor that resembled a hollow spherical colony of flagellated cells.

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24
Q

The Colonial flagellate hypothesis is a hypothesis on:

A

how multicellularity may have evolved.

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25
Q

What are the 4 steps described in the colonial flagellate hypothesis to multicellularity?

A

1- single motile flagellates form an aggregate (bundle of cells)
2- colony of cells form a hollow sphere.
3- specific cells begin to specialize for reproduction.
4- the hollow colony infolds which creates tissue layers.

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26
Q

Which protist is the closest living relative to all animals?

A

Chanoflagellates

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27
Q

How do we know that chanoflagellates are the protist that is most closely related to all animals?

A

DNA

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28
Q

What protist is considered to be the common ancestor of multicellular animals?

A

chanoflagellates.

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29
Q

Name the 9 invertebrate phylums.

A
  • Porifera -Arthropoda
  • Cnidarian -Echinodermata
  • Platyhelmenthes - Rotifera
  • Nematoda -Mollusca
  • Annelida
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30
Q

What are the characteristics of Phylum Porifera?

A
  • organized group of cells (no tissues or organs)
  • no germ layers
  • acoelmates (no body cavity)
  • asymmetrical
  • sac body plan
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31
Q

What are the characteristics of Phylum Porifera?

Name an animal in this phylum.

A
  • organized group of cells (no tissues or organs)
  • no germ layers
  • acoelmates (no body cavity)
  • asymmetrical
  • sac body plan

Sponges

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32
Q

What are the 3 main cell types found in sponges?

A

Choanocyte, amoebocyte and epithelial cells.

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33
Q

In a sponge, what do the choanocytes provide?

A

choanocytes (have a collar and flagella) move water currents and trap food for the sponge

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34
Q

In a sponge what do the amoebocytes contribute?

A

amoebocytes are attached to the choanocytes and digest food

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35
Q

In a sponge what do the epithelial cells contribute?

A

the epithelial cells make up the “body” of the sponge.

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36
Q

List the 2 types of sponge skeletons and describe what they are made of.

A

Spicules- 3 pronged silica or limestone spikes that overlap

spongin: tough flexible protein fibers.

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37
Q

what are the differences in the adult and larval stages of sponges?

A

larvae are flagellated and free swimming

adults forms are sessile (anchored to a substrate)

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38
Q

What animals are included in the Phylum cnidaria?

A

Jellyfish, coral, sea anemone

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39
Q

What are the characteristics of animals in the Phylum Cnidaria?

A
  • Sac body plan
  • Radial symmetry
  • acoelomate
  • True tissue layers: epidermis and gastrodermis
  • 2 germ layers: ectoderm and endoderm
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40
Q

Dimorphic

A

an organism with two body shapes in its life cycle.

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41
Q

What are the two body shapes that cnidarians can have?

A 
Polyp (sessile)
or medusa (free floating)
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42
Q

Cnidaria are the only phylum in the animal kingdom to have:

A

Cnidoblasts that contain nematocycts (toxic harpons)

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43
Q

what is the translucent gel-like substance that makes up a jellyfish?

A

Mesoglea

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44
Q

what liquids should you use to remove nematocysts from skin?

A

Vinegar or sea water

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45
Q

what liquids should you NOT use to remove nematocysts from skin?

A

fresh water or urine

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46
Q

What marine animals eat jellyfish?

A

leatherback sea turtles
ocean sunfish
lobster larvae
nudybranks

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47
Q

what is a baby jellyfish called?

A

efferie

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48
Q

Sea aneomne have what body shape ONLY

A

polyp

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49
Q

Sea anemones have a ____ relationship with ___ and ___

A

symbiotic; many green algae and fish

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50
Q

What body shape make up corals?

A

polyps

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51
Q

What chemical do corals deposit to build the reef?

A

calcium carbonate (limestone)

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52
Q

What word is used to describe the algae that live symbiotically with the corals?

A

zooxanthellae

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53
Q

What do zooxanthella provide the coral?

A

oxygen, sugar and fats

54
Q

what do the coral provide the zooxanthella?

A

carbon dioxide and nitrogen

55
Q

what is a siphonophore?

A

it is a group of polyps that have different jobs but cooperate

56
Q

what are the different jobs that polyps can have?

A

float (substrate), feeding, reproduction, or movement

57
Q

T/F all jelly fish are large enough to see with the naked eye?

A

false. Some are microscopic others are larger than a human.

58
Q

T/F global climate change is causing a surge in the jellyfish population?

A

True

59
Q

What are the characteristics of the phylum platyhelminthes?

What animals are in this phylum?

A

-acoelomates
-sac body plan
-3 germ layers
-organs
-Bilateral symmetry
Flat worms

60
Q

Why are platyhelminthes flat?

A

They have no respiratory or circulatory system so it must move nutrients and gasses by diffusion.

Diffusion only works efficiently across small surfaces

61
Q

What are the 3 classes in the phylujm Platyhelminthes?

A 
Class Turbellaria (flatworms)
Class Trematoda (flukes)
Class Cestoda (tapeworms)
62
Q

T/F Turbellaria are parasitic

A

false they are free living

63
Q

T/F Trematoda are free living?

A

false they are parasitic

64
Q

T/F Cestoda are parasitic

A

True

65
Q 
what is the common name for animals in the class turbellaria? 
 are they parasitic or free living?
A

Flat worms; free living

66
Q 
what is the common name for animals in the class trematoda? 
 are they parasitic or free living?
A

Flukes; parasitic

67
Q 
what is the common name for animals in the class cestoda? 
 are they parasitic or free living?
A

tapeworms; parasitic

68
Q

What are the physical characteristics of flatworms?

A
  • Ocelli (eyespots): perceives light only(no images)
  • Auricles - chemical sensors
  • Gastrovascular cavity
  • does not have a brain but doe have a bundle of nerves in the head.
  • lateral and transverse nerves
  • cerebral ganglia
  • pharyngeal chamber
  • mouth
  • Pharynx (food in waste out)
69
Q

what is the common name of flat worms?

A

planarian

70
Q

where do Planaria live?

A

they are free living (non parasitic) in fresh water although some flatworms live on land.

71
Q

how large are flat worms?

A

generally a few milimeters

72
Q

What is the “superpower that scientists would love to harness from the flatworm?

A

Regeneration

73
Q

What happens if you cut a planarian into 4 pieces?

A

each of the 4 segments would grow into a new planarian

74
Q

what type of cells make up 1/5 of the planarians body and what do they allow the planarian to do?

A

Stem cells; turn into new types of cells and make new body parts

75
Q

what applications in humans would studying planarians help with

A

the growth of replacement organs and healing of major trauma.

76
Q

How many hosts are in the life cycle of Class Tremotoda (flukes)?

A

2; usually a primary host vertebrate and a secondary host snail.

77
Q

How are flukes named?

A

They are usually named after where they infect.

78
Q

Can flukes only infect the body part that they are named after?

A

no, they can sometimes infect multiple parts of the body.

79
Q

T/F Class Trematoda (Flukes) can be both parasitic and free living

A

false; they are all parasitic.

80
Q

What is a schistosoma?

A

A blood fluke common to latin america, the middle east, africa, and asia.

81
Q

what disease does schistosoma cause?

A

schistosomaiasis; sysentery, anemia, liver/brain damage, and cancer.

82
Q

What is the life cycle of the schistosoma?

A

1 the larvae penetrates the skin of a human (walking in unsanitary water) and matures in the liver.
2 adult worms live and copulate in the blood vessels of the human gut
3 eggs migrate to digestive tract and are passed via feces.
4 larvae hatch in the water and enter the seonary host (snail)
5 in the sail a mother sporocyst encloses many developing daughter sporocysts . daugher cysts house developing larvae.
6 larvae break out of cysts, escape snail and enter water.

83
Q

Where in the body do schistosoma worms mate?

A

blood vessels

84
Q

what happens to schistosoma eggs that are laid in a human body?

A

lodge in bladder and entestines encased in granulmn

85
Q

Why is schistosomisis also called snail fever

A

larvae incubate in freshwater snails.

86
Q

how does the schistosoma larvae parasite get from the snail to the human?

A

after leaving the snail and entering the water the larvae penitrates the skin of a human usually through a hair follicle

87
Q

Parasitic tapeworms are members of what class

A

Cestoda

88
Q

What how many and what host(s) are in the cycle of the creatures in the class cestoda?

A

Primary host: human

Secondary host: pig/cow

89
Q

What are the segments of a tapeworm called

A

Proglottid

90
Q

What is the head of a tapeworm called

A

scolex

91
Q

how does a tapeworm attach to the host?

A

hooks on its “mouth”

92
Q

T/F the proglottids closest to the Scolex of the worm are the most mature segments

A

False. the proglottid closest to the scolex are the youngest or immature proglottids

93
Q

what sex can tapeworms be?

A

they are hermaphrodites

94
Q

How do tapeworms lay eggs?

A

once the proglottids at the end opposite to the scolex are gravid the segment breaks off and exits the body via fecal matter

95
Q

A tapeworm has an anterior end and a posterior end. Which end has the smallest proglottids and which end has the largest proglottids?

A

the anterior end has the smallest proglottids.

the posterior end has the largest proglottids

96
Q

What is inside the larger tapeworm segments?

A

eggs

97
Q

how do tapeworm segments eventualy leave the human host?

A

via fecal matter

98
Q

does a tapeworm have a digestive system? why or why not?

A

no. it does not have intestines. it absorbs nutrients across the body walls

99
Q

The tapeworm video that was watched during the lecture was filmed in what body part?

A

A human small intestine.

100
Q

Roundworms are part of what phylum?

A

Nematoda

101
Q

What are the characteristics of the Phylum Nematoda

A 
`3 germ layers
`organs
`bilateral symmetry
pseudocoelmates
tube body plan
102
Q

T/F Nematodes can be plant parasites.

A

true

103
Q

Why is Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) significant?

A
  • Used as a model organism making it important for studying morphogenesis, aging, and neurological disorders.
  • it is the first multicellular organism to have its genome sequenced.
  • all 959 cells in an adult have been carefully tracked.
104
Q

What doe C. elegans eat in the wild vs the lab

A

general bacteria; e.coli

105
Q

what are the two forms that C. elegans can develop into?

A

male or hermaphrodite

106
Q

How many cells do male C. elegans vs hermaphrodite C. elegans have?

A

males 1031

hermaphrodite 959

107
Q

how many neurons does c elegans have?

A

302

108
Q

what types of behaviors do C. elegans present?

A

Primitive: feeding, locomotion, etc
Complex: mating, social interaction, reactions to chemicals.

109
Q

T/F Nematodes cannot parasitize insect larvae

A

false nematodes can parasitize insect larvae.

110
Q

Other than C. elegans. Name two other common types of nematodes

A

Heartworms in dogs

Pinworms in children

111
Q

Trichinella is a nematode tha can be found in what

A

infected pork

112
Q

What is significant about the nematode ascaris?

A
  • largest human intestinal parasite
  • est 1.2 bill ppl infected world wide
  • infection due to poor sanitation (accidental)
  • infects: intestines, lungs and stomach.
113
Q

“wheel bearer” is in what phlyum?

A

Phylum Rotifera

114
Q

T/F Rotifera are protists.

If false, why.

A

false. they are tiny but are/have
-3 germ layers
-organs
bilateral symmetry
-multicellular
-pseudocoelomates
-tube body plan

115
Q

Where are cilia found on rotifers?

A

on the corona

116
Q

What is the function of the cilia on the corona of rotifers

A

to spin moving food into the mouth

117
Q

how large are rotifers

A

200-500 micrometers

118
Q

where are you most likely to find rotifers

A

mostly fresh water some marine specifically where scum is accumulating. occasionally you will locate them on moss.

119
Q

what do rotifers eat?

A

they are omnivores. they eat small particles of decaying material, algae, and occasionally cannabilize.

120
Q

Characteristics of the Phylum Mollusca

A

-coelom; 3 germ layers (triploblast); complete digestive tract; organ systems; ingestive heterotrophs; Protostomes;

121
Q

What are the 4 features that unite the invertebrates in Phylum Molluska?

A

Visceral mass which functions as internal organs
Foot which is a lg muscle for movement or attachement
Mantle which is a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass (note this can secrete a shell in some organisms)
Radula scraping tongue-like organ that scoops food in ( not this is not found in all mollusks.

122
Q

Were are members of the Phylum molluska found?

A

mostly marine, occasionally fresh water or damp soil.

123
Q

T/F Molluska members are bilaterally semmetric and have an unsegmented body

A

true

124
Q

List the classes in the Phylum Mollusca

A

Polyplacophora; Gastropoda; Bivalvia; Cephalopoda

125
Q

List the characteristics of the class polyplacophora

A

all of the features and characteristics of the phylum mollusca + only marine; Shell w/ 8 plates, strong foot, Radula; no head

126
Q

What is the common name of polyplacophora?

A

Chiton

127
Q

What is an example of an organism in the class gastropoda?

A

slugs, snails, nudibranchs

128
Q

Where can you find members of the class gastropoda?

A

land, fresh or marine water

129
Q

What are the characteristics of the class gastropoda

A

The characteristics of the phylum mollusca + radula, head w/ tentacles, shell and no shell, gills or lungs

130
Q

How and why do nudibranchs steal nematocysts from cnidarians?

A

they eat them and store them in to skin of spike to deter predators’

131
Q

Why do many nudipranchs have a striking coloration?

A

to advertise toxcisity

132
Q

aside from just discovering new species, what are some other reasons to study nudipranchs?

A

Chemical compounds for pharmaceuticals.

Biology (3 decks)

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