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Bio 319 (A&P) > Lab Exam 1 - Bones, nerves, and foramens > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 - Bones, nerves, and foramens Flashcards

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1
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

Cranial nerve I
Passes through olfactory foramina of cribriform plate
Sensory

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2
Q

Optic nerve

A

Cranial nerve II
Passes through optic canal
Sensory

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3
Q

Oculomotor nerve

A

Cranial nerve III
Passes through superior orbital fissure
Motor

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4
Q

Trochlear nerve

A

Cranial nerve IV
Passes through superior orbital fissure
Motor

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5
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A

Cranial nerve V
Passes through superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, mental foramen
Both

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6
Q

Abducens nerve

A

Cranial nerve VI
Passes through superior orbital fissure
Motor

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7
Q

Facial nerve

A

Cranial nerve VII
Passes through internal auditory meatus and stylomastoid foramen
Both

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8
Q

Vestibulochlear nerve

A

Cranial nerve VIII
Passes through internal auditory meatus
Sensory

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9
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Cranial nerve IX
Passes through jugular foramen
Both

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10
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Cranial nerve X
Passes through jugular foramen
Both

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11
Q

Spinal accessory nerve

A

Cranial nerve XI
Passes through jugular foramen
Motor

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12
Q

Hypoglossal nerve

A

Cranial nerve XII
Passes through hypoglossal canal
Motor

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13
Q

Cranial nerves I-XII

A

Olfactory nerve I
Optic nerve II
Oculomotor nerve III
Trochlear nerve IV
Trigeminal nerve V
Abducens nerve VI
Facial nerve VII
Vestibulochlear nerve VIII
Glossopharyngeal nerve IX
Vagus nerve X
Spinal accessory nerve XI
Hypoglossal nerve XII
Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet AH
Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most

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14
Q

Olfactory foramina of the cribriform plate (foramen)

A

Olfactory nerve I

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15
Q

Optic canal (foramen)

A

Optic nerve II

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16
Q

Superior orbital fissure (foramen)

A

Oculomotor nerve III, trochlear nerve IV, trigeminal nerve V, and abducens nerve VI

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17
Q

Foramen rotundum (foramen)

A

Trigeminal nerve V

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18
Q

Foramen ovale (foramen)

A

Trigeminal nerve V

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19
Q

Foramen lacerum (foramen)

A

No structure passes through because it is covered by a membrane in adults

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20
Q

Foramen spinosum (foramen)

A

Middle meningeal artery

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21
Q

Carotid canal (foramen)

A

Internal carotid artery

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22
Q

Internal auditory meatus (foramen)

A

Facial nerve VII, vestibulocochlear nerve VIII

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23
Q

Jugular foramen (foramen)

A

Internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal nerve IX, vagus nerve X, and spinal accessory nerve XI

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24
Q

Hypoglossal canal (foramen)

A

Hypoglossal nerve XII

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25
Q

Supraorbital foramen (foramen)

A

Supraorbitary artery and nerve

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26
Q

Inferior orbital fissure (foramen)

A

Zygomatic nerve and blood vessels

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27
Q

Infraorbital foramen (foramen)

A

Infraorbital nerve

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28
Q

Mental foramen (foramen)

A

Blood vessels and trigeminal nerve V

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29
Q

Foramen magnum (foramen)

A

Spinal cord

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30
Q

Stylomastoid foramen (foramen)

A

Facial nerve VII

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31
Q

Mandibular foramen (foramen)

A

Alveolar nerve

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32
Q

Transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae (foramen)

A

Vertebral arteries

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33
Q

Costal groove (foramen)

A

Neurovascular bundle

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34
Q

Bones in adult body

A

206-213

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35
Q

Axial skeleton

A

80 bones
Central core of body
Consists of head, neck, back and chest
Axial skeleton protects and cushions your brain, spinal cord and organs

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36
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

126 bones
Comprises the upper and lower extremities
Appendicular skeleton facilitates movement of the human body

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37
Q

5 major functions of skeletal system

A

Support
Movement
Protection
Storage of minerals
Production of blood cells

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38
Q

Trabeculae

A

Found within spongy bone
Network of tiny beams and struts
Thin columns and plates of bone that create a spongy structure in a cancellous bone

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39
Q

Long bones

A

Longer than they are wide
Generally consist of a shaft with heads at either end
Primarily composed of compact bone
Example: Humerus

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40
Q

Short bones

A

Roughly cube-shaped
Contain more spongy bone than compact bone
Example: Carpals

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41
Q

Flat bones

A

Generally flattened along a major aspect of their geometry, but can be curved
Consists of two wafer-like layers of compact bone between a layer of spongy bone
Example: Sternum, ribs, occipital bone

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42
Q

Irregular bones

A

Do not fit in any other category due to their irregular morphology
Example: Vertebra

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43
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Bones embedded in tendons
Small round bones
Commonly found in the tendons of the hands, knees, and feet
Example: Patella

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44
Q

Periosteum

A

Encapsulates bones
Tough fibrous membrane that covers the compact bone
Composed of two layers:
*Outer fibrous layer where muscle tendons and bone ligaments attach
*Inner cellular layer that produces osteoblasts

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45
Q

Diaphysis

A

Long, central shaft of long bone

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46
Q

Proximal epiphysis

A

End of long bone closest to the trunk of the body

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47
Q

Distal epiphysis

A

End of long bone furthest away from trunk of body

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48
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Interior space within the diaphysis of a long bone
Contains high concentration of yellow marrow

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49
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines medullary cavity

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50
Q

Metaphysis

A

Between diaphysis and epiphysis

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51
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Replaces epiphyseal plate
Indicates the bone has transitioned to the adult stage (no longer growing)
Bony remnant of growth plate

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52
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Also known as growth plate
Bone growth stops when cartilage of epiphyseal plate disappears and is replaced by bone

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53
Q

Flat bone (continued)

A

Thin bones with NO marrow cavity
Made of layer of spongy bone between superficial layers of compact bone
Contains red marrow within diploe

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54
Q

Cortex (flat bones)

A

Compact bone layers of flat bones
Individually called external and internal tables
Thick to provide strength for bone

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55
Q

Diploe

A

Spongy bone between the tables
Filled with red marrow
A type of loose connective tissue made of stem cells from which all blood cells arise

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56
Q

Projections

A

Processes that grow out from the bone and serve as sites of muscle attachment or help form joints

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57
Q

Depressions

A

Indentations or openings in the bone that often serve as conduits for nerves and blood vessels

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58
Q

Tuberosity

A

Large rounded projection
Projection
Example: Ischial tuberosity of pelvic bone

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59
Q

Crest

A

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
Projection
Example: Ischial crest of pelvic bone

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60
Q

Trochanter

A

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
Projection
Example: Trochanter of femur

61
Q

Line

A

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
Projection
Example: Intertrochanteric line of femur

62
Q

Tubercle

A

Small rounded projection or process
Projection
Example: Adductor tubercle of femur

63
Q

Epicondyle

A

Raised area on or above a condyle
Projection
Example: Lateral epicondyle of femur

64
Q

Spine

A

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
Projection
Example: Ischial spine of pelvic bone

65
Q

Process

A

Any bony prominence
Projection
Example: Spinous process of vertebra

66
Q

Head

A

Body expansion carried on a narrow neck
Surfaces that form joints
Example: Head of femur

67
Q

Facet

A

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Surfaces that form joints
Example: Facet of vertebra

68
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded articular projection, often articulates with a corresponding fossa
Surfaces that form joints
Example: Condyle of femur

69
Q

Ramus

A

Arm-like bar of bone
Surfaces that form joints
Example: Ramus of mandible

70
Q

Foramen

A

Round or oval opening through a bone
Depressions and openings
Example: Vertebral foramen

71
Q

Groove

A

Furrow
Depressions and openings
Example: Transverse sinus grooves

72
Q

Fissure

A

Narrow, slit-like opening
Depressions and openings
Example: Anal fissure

73
Q

Notch

A

Indentation at the edge of a structure
Depressions and openings
Example: Mandibular notch

74
Q

Fossa

A

Shallow basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
Depressions and openings
Example: Temporal fossa

75
Q

Meatus

A

Canal-like passageway
Depressions and openings
Example: Internal auditory meatus

76
Q

Sinus

A

Bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
Depressions and openings
Example: Maxillary sinuses

77
Q

Cranium

A

Composed of 8 bones
Occipital, frontal, 2 temporal, 2 parietal, sphenoid, ethmoid
unlabeled: https://humanbiomedia.org/illustrations/skeletal-system/skull-bones/skull-lateral-multicolor.jpg
labeled: https://www.theskeletalsystem.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Cranial-Bones-Labeled.jpg

78
Q

Face

A

Composed of 14 bones
2 palatine, 2 maxillary, 2 nasal, 2 zygomatic, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 2 lacrimal, vomer, mandible
Axis
unlabeled: https://o.quizlet.com/i/dlCP_LUYOX37vXNZ5ubsWA.jpg
labeled: https://www.theskeletalsystem.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Facial-Bones-Labeled.jpg

79
Q

Associated bones

A

Composed of 7 bones
6 auditory ossicles, hyoid
Axis
Bones within ear: malleus, incus and stapes

80
Q

Thoracic cage

A

Composed of 25 bones
1 sternum and 24 ribs
Axis

81
Q

Vertebral column

A

Composed of 26 bones
24 vertebrae, 1 sacrum, and 1 coccyx
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar
Axis

82
Q

Coronal suture

A

Separates frontal and parietal bones

83
Q

Sagittal suture

A

Separates parietal down midline

84
Q

Lambdoid suture

A

Separates occipital and parietal bones

85
Q

Frontonasal suture

A

Separates frontal and nasal bones

86
Q

Occipitomastoid suture

A

Separates occipital and mastoid process of temporal bone

87
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Does not articulate with any other bone
Many muscles originate or insert into hyoid bone
Best viewed on the full skeleton

88
Q

5 types of vertebrae

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal

89
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

Articulations between cervical vertebrae are not confined; allows for a wide range of motion in head and neck
Contains a bifid spinous process (divided into to equal parts) and a transverse foramen

90
Q

Transverse foramina

A

Transmits the vertebral arteries, which form the basilar artery and deliver blood to brain

91
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

Articulates with the ribs; limits flexion in thorax
Articular processes are directed anterior and posterior, which decreases flexion and extension in thorax
Face anteriorly
Involved in flexion and extension of thorax

92
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

Articular processes are directed medially and laterally, which limits rotation in lower spine
Spinal cord proper stops at L1; Called cauda equina

93
Q

Sacrum

A

Composed of 5 fused vertebrae
Sacral formina transmit blood vessels and spinal nerves to lower body
Provide stable anchoring point for bones of pelvic girdle

94
Q

Coccyx

A

Composed of 4 fused vertebrae
Tail bone
Attachment point for several ligaments and muscles of pelvic floor

95
Q

4 natural curvatures of spinal cord

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral

96
Q

Determining articular processes

A

The inferior articular process of a vertebra articulates with the superior articular process of the vertebra below it
When determining which articular processes are superior and which are inferior, it is based on their position on the vertebra
NOT their position in the joint

97
Q

Atlas

A

First cervical vertebrae (C1)
Contains no body, a large vertebral foramen, and no spinous process
Articulates with the skull
Dens is part of the axis cervical vertebrae
https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/19313466/fb9a1287d47ba08caf77bcb01859aa_gallery.jpeg

98
Q

Axis

A

Second cervical vertebrae (C2)
Transverse foramen does not look like a hole when faced superiorly
Articulates with the atlas
Primary function is to provide atlas with pivot point for when head turns laterally and medially
The dens fits up inside atlas to form atlanto-axis joint, which allows rotation of head
https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/19313497/5f061ccc0098e229822417b9f3c8d5_gallery.jpeg

99
Q

Cervical vertebrae (C3-C7) looks

A

Cervical vertebrae have a transverse foramen, a bifid spinous process, and a lateral-sided foot shape
https://neupsykey.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/C1-FF1.gif

100
Q

Thoracic vertebrae looks

A

Thoracic vertebrae have multiple cartilage, transverse processes that extend out as far as spinous process, spinous process that extends diagonally down, and a longer heart shaped body
https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/chp%3A10.1007%2F978-3-030-50758-9_2/MediaObjects/451250_1_En_2_Fig3_HTML.png

101
Q

Lumbar vertebrae looks

A

Lumbar vertebrae have a curvy spinous process when faced superiorly, a lateral-sided cube shape, fin like bumps on transverse process when faced superiorly, and wide but small wings
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSWoV3x63MQVHtf-HjORVz7q8jl6G-LLB_pgA&s

102
Q

Sacral vertebrae and coccyx look

A

Made up of five fused vertebrae
Large articular cartilage, multiple sacral forminas, and connects directly to coccyx

Made up of four fused vertebrae
Small and connects directly to coccyx
https://www.theskeletalsystem.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Sacrum-Labeled.jpg

103
Q

Pairs of ribs articulation

A

12 pairs of ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
10 pairs of ribs connect to sternum anteriorly

104
Q

Sternum

A

Composed of three bony elements:
Manubrium, the sternal body, and inferior xiphoid process

105
Q

Manubrium

A

Articulates with sternal body at sternal angle
Articulates with clavicle at clavicular notch

106
Q

Xiphoid process

A

Attachment site for several muscles and is made up of hyaline cartilage until late adulthood

107
Q

Costal cartilage

A

Attaches ribs to sternum
Somewhat flexible allowing for expansion of rib cage during inhalation

108
Q

True ribs

A

First seven pairs
Costal cartilages attaches directly to the sternum

109
Q

False ribs

A

Rib pairs 8-12
Costal cartilage do not connect to sternum directly

110
Q

Floating ribs

A

Rib pairs 11-12
Subset of false ribs
Do not articulate with sternum
Protects kidneys

111
Q

Ribs

A

Has a head with two articular facets for articulating with the costal facets of the thoracic vertebrae
Tubercle of rib articulates with the transverse costal facet of the corresponding vertebrae
Costal groove runs on inferior border of inner face of all ribs and carries a neurovascular bundle (vein, artery, and nerve)
https://o.quizlet.com/U5jMg.P3sFXZ9X2xDwktQg_b.png

112
Q

Pectoral girdles

A

Composed of 4 bones
2 clavicle, 2 scapula
Appendicular

113
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Composed of 2 bones
2 ox coxa
Appendicular

114
Q

Upper limbs

A

Composed of 60 bones
2 humerus, 2 ulna, 2 radius, 16 carpal bones, 10 metacarpal bones, 28 phalanges
Appendicular

115
Q

Lower limbs

A

Composed of 60 bones
2 femur, 2 patella, 2 tibia, 2 fibula, 14 tarsal bones, 10 metatarsal bones, 28 phalanges
Appendicular

116
Q

Synarthroses

A

Joints that do not allow for any movement
Example: Sutures of the skull and epiphyseal lines

117
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

Joints that allow for a little movement thanks to connective tissue
Example: Ligamentous connections between tibia and fibula
Example: Pubic symphysis

118
Q

Diarthroses

A

Joints that have free movement thanks to joint capsules that contain synovial fluid
Also known as synovial joints

119
Q

Synovial joints

A

Also known as diarthroses
Can be nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial

120
Q

Nonaxial movement

A

Permits translational movement
Example: Gliding and plane

121
Q

Plane joints

A

Also known as gliding joints
Common where flat articular surfaces slide by neighboring bones
Typically nonaxial and limited due to supporting ligaments
Example: Wrist and tarsals

122
Q

Uniaxial movement

A

Permits movement in one plane
Example: Hinge and pivot

123
Q

Hinge joints

A

Uniaxial
Flexion and extension
Operates like a door hinge
Located in elbows, knees, fingers, and toes

124
Q

Pivot joints

A

Uniaxial
Rotation
Permits one bone to rotate around another

125
Q

Biaxial movement

A

Permits movement in two planes
Example: Condylar and saddle

126
Q

Condylar joints

A

Biaxial
Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
A convex surface of one bone that articulates in a concave depression of another bone
Example: Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints

127
Q

Saddle joint

A

Biaxial
Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
Articular surfaces are both convex and concave
Found at the junction between the thumb metacarpus and the trapezium bone of the wrist

128
Q

Multiaxial movement

A

Permits movement in three planes
Example: Ball and socket joints

129
Q

Ball and socket joints

A

Multiaxial
Flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
Rotation
Occur where a spherical head of one bone fits into a cup-shaped fossa of another bone
Permits a variety of movements
Example: Hip and shoulder

130
Q

Common injuries in the knee

A

Tears to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), meniscus, and medial collateral ligament
Occurs when ligaments are stretched beyond their capacity to hold the bones together
Either from hyperextension/hyperflexion or an outward force to the knee

131
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Caps epiphyses in synovial joints
A slippery gelatinous surface of hyaline cartilage that protects the epiphyses and prevents the bones from making contact across the joint cavity

132
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lines synovial joint cavity and produces synovial fluid

133
Q

Hip dysplasia

A

When the acetabulum (head of femur) develops too shallow in infants
Head of femur cannot fit properly inside the coxal bone
Causes femur to dislocate from the hip very easily
Can eventually cause arthritis

134
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

A

Each contain a tendon that converges on fibrous “cuff” surrounding the lateral head of the humerus
Tension produced by these muscles stabilize the head of the humerus within the glenoid cavity
Allows the shoulder to have a wide range of movements
Connections of ligaments go around the joint
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

135
Q

Scapula looks

A

Anterior: smooth
Posterior: Has spine of scapula
Left vs right: glenoid cavity, acromion process, coracoid process face laterally
Unlabelled: https://i.pinimg.com/736x/00/f6/25/00f62541c1773223d2af14444b0f602e.jpg
Labelled : https://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/anatomyandphysiology/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2017/09/803_The_Scapula.jpg

136
Q

Clavicle looks

A

Inferior: Conoid tubercle on inferior side
Left vs right: Sternal end towards medial side (flatter); Acromial end towards lateral side (rounder)
Unlabelled: https://o.quizlet.com/491fbGXzoH3PwDAGt9orDw_b.jpg
Labelled: https://www.theskeletalsystem.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Clavicle.jpg

137
Q

Humerus looks

A

Anterior: Has radial fossa and coronoid fossa
Posterior: Has olecranon fossa
Left vs right: Head of humerus faces medial side from anterior side
Unlabelled: https://o.quizlet.com/C61DNzwWtEaQ3oqXa.7ntA_b.jpg
Labelled: https://www.theskeletalsystem.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Humerus.jpg

138
Q

Ulna and radius looks

A

Ulna: Has elbow connection; 2 processes
Anterior: Trochlear notch, olecranon, coronoid process
Left vs right: Radial notch faces laterally; Coronoid process rounded area on medial side
Radius: Has elbow connection; Styloid process
Left vs right: Styloid process of radius on lateral side; Radial tuberosity on medial side; Both seen from anterior side
Unlabelled: https://cdn-useast.purposegames.com/images/game/bg/599/7RpQVuAFHjZ.png?s=1400
Labelled: https://sciencediagrams.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/radius_and_ulna_labeled2.jpg

139
Q

Fingers and wrists looks

A

Anterior: Pisiform and hook hamate visible; Palm side up
Unlabelled: https://www.clker.com/cliparts/4/6/3/3/14985515941281715851hand-bones-unlabeled.hi.png
Labelled: https://www.shutterstock.com/shutterstock/photos/15311329/display_1500/stock-photo-human-hand-bones-labeled-15311329.jpg

140
Q

Carpal bone mnemonic

A

Anterior: So Long To Pinky Here Comes The Thumb
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium

141
Q

Pelvic girdle looks

A

Unlabelled: https://cdn-useast.purposegames.com/images/game/bg/391/YmXsgb7FQot.png?s=1400
Labelled: https://img.brainkart.com/article/article-The-Pelvic-Girdle-Mcf.jpg

142
Q

Os coxae looks

A

Each coxal bone is made up of three fused bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis
Medial: Articular surface visible
Lateral: Acetabulum visible
Left vs right: From medial view, acetabulum will be on lateral side facing corresponding side
Unlabelled: https://o.quizlet.com/WzJazOol6SrwjPAABLmVtw_b.png
Labelled: https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images-archive-read-only/wp-content/uploads/sites/18/2014/07/19181429/808_Hip_Bone.jpg

143
Q

Biological male vs female pelvis

A

Male pelvis: Narrow pubic arch and pelvic brim, and a ventrally curved coccyx
Female pelvis: Evolved to its maximum width for childbirth; Wide pubic arch, oval shaped pelvic brim, and a straight coccyx
Sex-related skeletal features are not obvious in children’s bones

144
Q

Femur looks

A

Posterior: Shows intercondylar notch and large rounded condyles
Left vs right: Head of femur faces medially from anterior view
Unlabelled: https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5e48489da899cd09424943db/0288e63e-0f46-451b-aec1-c4ac448e3550/femur-anatomy-quiz-labeled-diagram.jpeg
Labelled: https://www.theskeletalsystem.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Femur-Bone-Labeled-Diagram.jpg

145
Q

Tibia and fibula looks

A

Tibia: Larger
Anterior: Tibial tuberosity visible
Left vs right: Medial malleolus on medial side
Fibula: Smaller
Left vs right: Lateral malleolus on lateral side
Unlabelled: https://www.registerednursern.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/tibia-fibula-quiz-anatomy.png
Labelled: https://simplenursing.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/The-right-tibia-and-fibula-6.png

146
Q

Patella looks

A

Unlabelled: https://media.memorang.com/images/148a03b7-7bbf-40a9-9c22-db6ce3e73cae.jpg
Labelled: https://prohealthsys.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Gray467-468.jpg

147
Q

Foot looks

A

Superior: Talus
Unlabelled: https://www.registerednursern.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/bones-of-the-foot-quiz.jpg
Labelled: https://as2.ftcdn.net/v2/jpg/02/79/11/55/1000_F_279115591_LrJd8z08efpO4TnynTUHqLhV37yncUAo.jpg

148
Q

Tarsal bone mnemonics

A

Mother In Law Can Call The Nanny
Medial cuneiform, Intermediate cuneiform, Lateral cuneiform, Cuboid, Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular

Bio 319 (A&P) (6 decks)

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