Lab exam 1

Question 1

Element->

Answer 1

minerals-rocks

Question 2

Mineral

Answer 2

Naturally occurring, inorganic substance with fixed chemical compositions, a definite atomic structure, and characteristic set of physical properties.

Question 3

Physical Properties

Answer 3

Luster
Hardness
Cleavage and Fracture
Crystal form
Color
Conchodial Fracture- curved fracture
Effervescence- fizzes with hydrochloric acid
Greasy texture-soapy
Salty
Streak
Striations- grooves or lines
Specific Gravity- dense

Question 4

Luster

Answer 4

Metallic and Non metallic

Question 5

Metallic

Answer 5

reflects light like a metal pyrite

Question 6

Nonmetallic

Answer 6

oVitreous/glassy- shiny like glass quartz
oDull- earth appearance hematite
Silky- fibrous gypsum
Pearly- reflect like a pearl

Question 7

Hardness

Answer 7

• Finger nail 2.5, Penny 3.5, glass 5.5, Steel File 6

* Moh’s Scale of Hardness

Question 8

Cleavage and Fracture

Answer 8

• N/A, 1 plane, 2 planes (60,90, 120)
• Not necessarily a flat surface
• Sharper corner cleavage
• Jagged corner fracture
• Focus on the edges

Question 9

Crystal form

Answer 9

•Quartz

Question 10

Rock

Answer 10

one or more minerals, aggregate of minerals

Question 11

3 classifications

Answer 11

igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary

Question 12

Melting- magma

Answer 12

• decrease in pressure (pop in a bottle), adding water (subduction zones), hot spots

Question 13

Solidification-

Answer 13

below the ground (intrusive) and above the ground (extrusive

Question 14

Pyroclastic-explosive

Answer 14

• Scoria-dark, dense, red
• Pumice- floats and light in color
• Bombs- round and dark
• Tuff- ash
• Obsidian- black, glassy, conchoidal

Question 15

Texture

Answer 15

• Phaneritic- grains are large enough to be seen (intrusive)
• Porphyritic- large grains two different sizes (intrusive then extrusive)
• Aphanitic- fine (extrusive)

Question 16

Color

Answer 16

• Mafic- Dark, iron rich
• Intermediate- salt and pepper
• Felsic- light silica

Question 17

Sedimentary Rocks

Answer 17

Rocks consist of material (sediment) from other locations. Most are sediment pieces or clasts, formed from weathering and erosion of other rocks. Material is accumulated at a new site, buried and lithified.

Question 18

Weathering

Answer 18

physical or chemical processes that break down rocks

Question 19

Erosion

Answer 19

transported by rivers, glaciers, waves, wind, and gravity alone

Question 20

Lifthificaition

Answer 20

once sediment is deposited it is lithified through the processes of compaction and cementation.

Question 21

Classification of clastic sedimentary

Answer 21

• Size- boulders, cobbles, pebbles, sand silt, and clay
• Sorting- poorly sorted, moderately sorted, and well-sorted
• Shape-angular and rounded

Question 22

Non-clastic- extracted from water or organisms

Answer 22

Evaporites- rock salt
•Carbonate- limestone
•Siliceous- chert/flint
•Carbonaceous- coal

Question 23

Walter’s law

Answer 23

telling enviroment form rock

Question 24

Metamorphic Rock

Answer 24

Change in form, pre-existing sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic rock. Cause the alignment of minerals, recrystallization of minerals, and growth of new minerals with the addition of heat, pressure, and or chemically active fluids. (Ex. Shale (low)-> Slate (high) -> gniess)

Question 25

Heat-

Answer 25

increase the rate of chemical reaction in a rock, which can create changes in the mineral. Magma affects surrounding rock or subduction occurs

Question 26

2 ways

Answer 26

intrusive magma or extrusive lava or earth naturally increase with depth (buried)

Question 27

Pressure

Answer 27

rock is deep within the ground. Lithostatic pressure one direction. Differential pressure different direction

Question 28

Chemically active fluid

Answer 28

water trapped between grains, fluids in magma, and water in water bearing minerals

Question 29

Foliation

Answer 29

result of differential pressure, directs the rock in one direction (non-foliated. High to low foliation