Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

‘Biology > LAB CHAPTERS 1-5 > Flashcards

LAB CHAPTERS 1-5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do you understand if a certain trait is an adaptation?

A

Not always clear, but you can look at phylogeny to understand more about the sequence of traits that evolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Adaptations for viability

A

Traits that lead to success in survival and acquisition of food ex. locomotion, predator or parasite avoidance, tolerance of ambient conditions,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Adaptations for Competition for Mates

A

often leads to evolution of differences between females and males in secondary sexual characteristics (other than testes and ovaries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Complete Metamorphosis

A
  • very active, ravenously hungry larvae
  • egg, larva, pupa, adult
  • Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera (beetles, true flies, butterflies/moths, bees/ants/wasps)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Incomplete Metamorphosis

A
  • nymph is a mini adult (only distinguishable by size and presence of wings)
  • egg, nymph, adult
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

a single genotype can produce different phenotypes in response to its environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an organisms overall phenotype composed of?

A

Morphology, behaviour, and physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Example of trait expressed by single gene

A

sickle-cell anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Continuous phenotypic traits

A

Result of interaction between multiple genes and often the environment. Ex. height, skin colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Another word for quantitative traits

A

Polygenic traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Polygenic trait

A

Trait whose phenotype is influenced by more than one gene, display a continuous distribution (each of the genes may have a large or small impact on phenotypic expression)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

acclimation

A

When individuals are able to alter their phenotype in response to environmental variation in a manner than improves fitness (showing phenotypic plasticity)
NOT ADAPTATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Examples of discrete phenotypic plasticity and continuous phenotypic plasticity

A

discrete phenotypic plasticity: desert annual plant produces either hard, dormant yellow seeds very quickly when days are long, or soft, green seeds when days are short and development is generally slower.
- yellow or green (dormant or not dormant)

Continuous phenotypic plasticity: number of nitrogen fixing nodules produced by legume plant differ in different soil conditions,. Lower nitrogen levels = more nodules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Reaction norm

A

Term to describe relationship between the environment and trait in question when the phenotypic plasticity expresses itself in a continuum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why aren’t all traits phenotypically plastic?

A
  • insufficient genetic variation exists in the population for the evolution of plasticity to occur
  • inherent costs and limitations to the benefits that plasticity may provide (maintaining right sensory and regulatory mechanisms to actually respond to environment accurately)
  • linkage between genes might produce a situation whereby genes promoting plasticity might be linked to genes conferring a low fitness for other traits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Limitations to producing new phenotypes

A
  • incorrect assessment of environment possibly producing wrong phenotype
  • lag time in producing the phenotypic change (the larger the change the greater the lag time)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What selects for phenotypic plasticity

A

Heterogenous environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Another word for stereo microscope

A

dissecting microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Difference between stereo microscope and compound microscope

A

Stereo

  • three dimensional view of object (like how left and right speakers produce stereo sound)
  • less magnification

Compound

  • 2 dimensional view of slide
  • 40 - 1000 x magnification power
  • 3 knobs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ocular micrometer

A

small glass disc inside the ocular on which uniformly spaces lines of unknown distance are etched
- calibrated against a ruler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Calculating magnification

A

number of mm on stage (visible from ruler) / number of spaces on ocular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Measurement in mm

A

number of ocular units x length of each ocular unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

phytochrome

A

photoreceptor that detects shading by other plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What elicits a response from phytochrome?

A

when plants are shaded by other plants the ratio of red light to far red light is reduced and phytochrome regulates gene expression by activating a different set of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

magnification of specimen with compound microscope

A

equal to magnification of objective lens x magnification of ocular lens (eyepiece)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Devil’s gardens

A

stands with only one species of tree, ants living on the tree provided a home for the ant and in return the ant injected poison into leaves of other plant species thus reducing competition for resources between plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

consumer-resource interaction

A

predator-prey, parasite-host, herbivore-plants

28
Q

Categories of defensive traits in plants

A
  1. timing of flowering or leaf production
  2. structural defences
  3. chemical defences
29
Q

Constitutive defences

A

Defences that are consistently expressed over time

30
Q

Induced defence

A

Traits that are produced or increase with herbivory damage (one chemical is produced in response to damage like jasmonic acid which then triggers production of other defences)

31
Q

Difference between glandular and non glandular trichomes

A

Glandular trichomes have a gland on top of the stalk that contains a chemical that is released upon contact.

32
Q

What affects genetic diversity of populations in the great lakes

A

size-selective fishing gear, habitat elimination, alteration of prey species, pollution stresses, construction of artificial barriers

33
Q

What makes populations more homogenous

A

more gene flow

34
Q

Decline of the Great lakes fishery

A
  • fish populations greatly reduced
  • they look a bunch of sperm and eggs from small number of native fish and reared them until they were sufficient length to be released
  • this greatly reduced the genetic diversity of the population (founder effects limit adaptive potential of a species)
35
Q

Concerns with hatchery raised populations

A
  • founder effects

- introduced diseases and competition that the native species have not had to deal with

36
Q

allozymes

A

different forms of the same enzyme (allelic variants)

- differ structurally but not functionally

37
Q

What causes change in mobility in enzymes

A

Enzymes of the same size and shape move at a rate determined largely by the ratio of positively-charged to negatively charged amino acids.

38
Q

monomeric enzyme

A

produces one polypeptide chain which is a fully functional protein

  • in gel electrophoresis you will see different types of bands depending on the individual:
  • one thick band for SS slow homozygote closer to origin
  • one thick band for FF fast homozygote further from origin
  • two thinner bands for an FS individual (because two polypeptide chains were produced)
39
Q

What is polymorphism and why is it an inadequate descriptor of genetic variation?

A

The proportion of loci examined that show evidence of more than one allele. Sometimes gene locis are designated as invariant or monomorphic because the most common allele has a frequency greater than 0.95. 0.95 is an arbitrary cutoff and has no real biological basis (could easily be 0.98 and then polymorphism would change)

40
Q

Dimer

A

each allele at a gene locus produces a single polypeptide chain which is inactive until it forms a dimer with another chain (three variants)

41
Q

Whats a better measure of genetic variation—polymorphism or heterozygosity?

A

Heterozygosity because it is not subjective.

42
Q

Heterozygosity

A

average frequency of heterozygous individuals per locus of the population calculated by determining frequency of heterozygotes at each locus then averaging these frequencies over all loci.

43
Q

Do vertebrates of invertebrates have more genetic variations?

A

Invertebrates (excepting self fertilizing plants) but humans still have great evolutionary capacity with 7% heterozygosity.

44
Q

Divergent populations or separate species show I value of… and D value of?

A

I less than 0.8 and D value greater than 0.2

45
Q

Most important response to a newly introduced pest

A

determine species identity of the invader and its geographic origin

46
Q

Why might populations of zebra mussels vary in their ecological tolerances and response to control methods?

A

high genetic variability

47
Q

Differences between Zebra and Quagga mussels

A

Shell shape, different banding patterns, heterozygosity (zebra has higher H and quagga lower maybe because of lower original H or a small founding population), genetic distance is 1.215 between the pops, quagga have a narrower genetic base for differential response to the environment, must have different life history parameters if they coexist

48
Q

What demonstrated that Zebra and Quaggas are different species?

A

No mussels were found with allozyme patterns intermediate between quagga and zebra indicating that hybrids are not readily formed

49
Q

Systematics

A

study of the diversity of organisms

50
Q

Taxonomy

A

theory and practice of ordering the diversity of life into a classification system

51
Q

Phylogenetic systematics

A

Method for reconstructing evolutionary relationships. Implies relationships among groups of organisms that are derived from a common ancestor

52
Q

What will give you the most informative classification of a group of organisms if you are trying to to determine true evolutionary history

A

Phylogenetic systematics clusters organisms into groups based on modified characters that are shared by members of the group. A wide character base will be most likely to give you true evolutionary history.

53
Q

Assumptions of systematic phylogenetics

A
  1. evolution occurs
  2. there is a single phylogeny of life
  3. characters are passed from generation to generation, modified or unmodified, during evolutionary descent
54
Q

homoplasy

A

when a character evolves more than once so that it occurs in more than one species although not in their most recent common ancestor. NOT similarity resulting from common descent.

55
Q

Examples of homoplasy

A

Convergent evolution can cause homoplasy (fake homologous structures), and so can character reversals (when a species re-evolves the ancestral character state)

56
Q

Shared derived characters are used…

A

to infer evolutionary relationships

57
Q

What is derived at one level of analysis…

A

might be ancestral at another level and vice versa (feathers in birds is a shared derived character when comparing them to land vertebrates but it is an ancestral traits when looking at birds and gives no evolutionary relationship)

58
Q

binary characters

A

either absent or present (coded 0 or 1)

59
Q

multistate characters

A

more than two different states (coded 0, 1, 2, etc)

- usually treated as unordered because we don’t know sequence of evolutionary events

60
Q

Ordered vs unordered characters

A

Subset of multistate characters. Ordered characters follow a logical sequence like bird beak size (small to medium to large) whereas disordered characters follow no logical evolutionary sequence (colour change in coral reefs)

61
Q

outgroup comparison method

A

used to determine which traits are ancestral
assumptions are:
- any homologous character state found in the ingroup and outgroup is considered ancestral for the ingroup
- character states found in the ingroup but not the outgroup are considered derived

62
Q

taxon

A

identifiable category of organisms

63
Q

How can you identify homoplasies?

A

Lack of congruence with phylogenetic hypotheses, can really only be identified after the analysis is completed.

64
Q

Ingroup

A

group of taxa that is the focus of study (share an ancestral species not shared by any other taxon)

65
Q

outgroup

A

More distantly related group of organisms that serves as a reference group when determining the evolutionary relationships of the ingroups. Used to determine which of the two homologous character states may be inferred to be derived. Preferred outgroup is a sister group.

66
Q

Parsimony

A

principle which forces one to accept the shortest tree that explains all the character states

67
Q

Sister group

A

taxon hypothesized to be the closest relative tp another taxon

‘Biology (44 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions