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A&P > Lab Bones > Flashcards

Lab Bones Flashcards

1
Q

skull is composed of how many bones

A

22
8️⃣ cranial
14 facial

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2
Q

immovable joints which are visible as seams on the surface of the skull

A

sutures

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3
Q

Bones of the skull have holes that allow passage for nerves and blood vessels

A

foramina (singular, foramen)

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4
Q

In flat bones, the spongy bone is called the

A

diploё

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5
Q

In the skull contains 6 prominent cavities

A

The largest is the CRANIAL CAVITY, which encloses the brain
• orbits (eye sockets)
• nasal cavity
• oral (buccal) cavity
• middle- and inner-ear cavities
• paranasal sinuses—the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary sinuses

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6
Q

Cranial fossae x3

A

Posterior
Middle
Anterior

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7
Q

Opening in the skull where the spinal cord goes through

A

Foramen Magnum

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8
Q

Bone functions 7

A

• Support
• Protection
• Anchorage
• Mineral and growth factor storage
• Blood cell formation
• Fat storage
• Hormone production

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9
Q

Ligaments

A

hold bones together at the joints (bone to bone)

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10
Q

Tendons

A

attach muscle to bone; stabilize a joint

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11
Q

Cartilage Types

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

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12
Q

Axial skeleton

A

skull
auditory ossicles
hyoid bone
vertebral column
thoracic cage (ribs and sternum).

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13
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the upper limb
bones of the lower limb
pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle.

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14
Q

Long Bone Structure

A

Outer shell of dense compact bone
• Encloses the medullary cavity-contains bone marrow
• central space is occupied by spongy bone

Diaphysis→shaft (provides leverage)
Epiphysis→expanded head at each end (strength to the joint and attachment area)
Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage at the joint surface (bone-to-bone cushion)

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15
Q

Osteogenic cell

A

Develops into osteoblasts

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16
Q

Osteoblasts

A

forms bone tissue

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17
Q

Osteocytes

A

Maintains bone tissue

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18
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Ruffled border
Resorption
Destruction of bone matrix

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19
Q

Osteon

A

Haversian system

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20
Q

Regulation of blood calcium low

A

Parathyroid hormones (gets calcium from bones when we need it)
breakdown of bone by osteoclasts
Blood calcium level increases
Normal blood calcium level

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21
Q

Regulation of blood calcium high

A

Thyroid
Calcitonin (also stores calcium when we have too much)
Buildup of bone by osteoblasts
Blood calcium level decreases
Normal blood calcium level

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22
Q

The Frontal Bone

A

From the forehead back to a prominent coronal suture,
crosses the crown of the head from right to left
joins the frontal bone to the parietal bones

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23
Q

The smooth just above the root of the nose is called the

A

Glabella

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24
Q

supraorbital foramen, notch or margin

A

passage for a nerve, artery, and veins

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25
Q

Parietal Bones

A

right and left parietal bones form most of the cranial roof and part of its walls

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26
Q

Temporal Bones has 4 parts

A

The squamous part→squamous suture
• the zygomatic process
• the mandibular fossa

mastoid part

tympanic part

petrous part

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27
Q

Occipital Bone

A

• the rear of the skull (occiput) and much of its base

The foramen magnum→admits the spinal cord to the cranial cavity.

• Has a smooth knob called the occipital condyle→the skull rests on the vertebral column.

A ridge, the superior nuchal line→ defines the superior limit of the neck and provides attachment to the skull for several neck and back muscles

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28
Q

Sphenoid Bone

A

a pair of sphenoid sinuses
• Sella turcica→houses the pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Looks like a butterfly
Study a picture

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29
Q

Ethmoid Bone

A

anterior cranial bone located between the eyes and has three major portions:

The vertical perpendicular plate

A horizontal cribriform plate
• crista galli, an attachment point for the dura mater
• cribriform (olfactory) foramina→ olfactory nerves

The labyrinth, a large mass on each side of the perpendicular plate

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30
Q

Maxillae

A

Maxillae→They form the upper jaw and meet each other at a median intermaxillary suture
• Alveolar processes grow into the spaces between the bases of the teeth

• Infraorbital foramen→blood vessel to the face and a nerve that receives sensations from the nasal region and cheek

The palate forms the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavity→separate the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
• Bony hard palate anteriorly→extensions of the maxilla (palatine processes)
• Fleshy soft palate posteriorly

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31
Q

Zygomatic Bones

A

• form angles of the cheeks at the inferolateral margins of the orbits and part of the lateral wall of each orbit; extend about halfway to the ear

• The prominent zygomatic arch that flares from each side of the skull is formed mainly by the union of the zygomatic bone, temporal bone, and maxilla

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32
Q

Mandible

A

strongest bone of the skull and the only one that can move significantly
• The horizontal portion is called the body

• the vertical to oblique posterior portion is the ramus (plural, rami)

• Condylar process, bears the mandibular condyle—an oval knob that articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone→the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
• coronoid process, is the point of insertion for the temporalis muscle

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33
Q

Vertebral column sections

A

Cervical 1-7
Thoracic 1-12
Lumbar 1-5
Sacrum (5) fused
Coccyx (4) fused

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34
Q

Vertebra C1

A

the atlas
supports the head allow for its movements

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35
Q

Vertebra C2

A

the axis
allows rotation of the head

Has a prominent anterior knob called the dens or odontoid process, it projects into the vertebral foramen of the atlas

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36
Q

Hyoid bone

A

• U-shaped bone
• Lies above the thyroid cartilage
• Only bone in the body that doesn’t articulate directly with any other bone
• Anchored by ligaments

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37
Q

Thoracic cage

A

Flat bones

Components:
• Ribs
• Sternum
• Costal cartilage
• Thoracic vertebrae
It protects the vital organs such as heart, lungs and great vessel

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38
Q

Sternum

A

• “chest bone”
• Fusion of 3 bones:
• Manubrium
• Body
• Xiphoid process

39
Q

Ribs

A

12 pairs of ribs in total:

• 1-7 directly attached to the sternum by individual costal cartilage (True Ribs)

• 8-12 attach indirectly to the sternum or not at all (False Ribs)

• 11 and 12 don’t attach at all and are called Floating ribs and false ribs

40
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A

(shoulder girdle) supports the arm and links it to the axial skeleton:

The clavicle (collarbone)
• Articulates (medial end) with the sternum→sternoclavicular joint
• Articulates (lateral end) with the scapula→acromioclavicular joint

The scapula (shoulder blade)
• Articulates with the humerus→ glenohumeral joint

41
Q

Scapula

A

Is a triangular plate
only direct attachment to the thorax is by muscles
it glides across the rib cage as the arm and shoulder move.

The three sides of the triangle:
1. Superior border
2. Medial (vertebral) border
3. Lateral (axillary) borders

• Suprascapular notch in the superior border →passage for a nerve
• Subscapular fossa→is the anterior surface of the scapula

• The posterior surface has a transverse ridge called the spine, it has indentations: the supraspinous fossa, and the infraspinatus fossa

• The lateral angle, has three main features:
1. The acromion
2. The coracoid process
3. The glenoid cavity is a shallow socket that articulates with the head of the humerus→ glenohumeral joint

42
Q

Upper Limb four segments

A
  1. The brachium (arm proper), from shoulder to elbow
    •only one bone, humerus
  2. The antebrachium (forearm), from elbow to wrist
    • Two bones:radius and ulna
    • In anatomical position, the radius is lateral to the ulna
  3. The carpus (wrist), contains 8 carpal bones in two rows
  4. The manus (hand), contains 19 bones in two groups:
    5 metacarpals in the palm
    14 phalanges in the fingers
43
Q

Humerus

A

humerus has a head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula

• The greater and lesser tubercles →muscle attachment
• Intertubercular sulcus between them→tendon of the biceps muscle

• The shaft has a rough area called the deltoid tuberosity on its lateral surface→deltoid muscle of the shoulder

distal end of the humerus has two smooth condyles
• Capitulum (lateral)→articulates with the radius
• Trochlea (medial)→articulates with the ulna

• The humerus flares out to form:
• Lateral epicondyle
• Medial epicondyle (protects the ulnar nerve) “funny bone”

• The distal end of the humerus also shows 3 pits:
1. olecranon fossa (posterior)
2. coronoid fossa (medial)
3. radial fossa (lateral)

44
Q

Radius

A

distinctive discoid head at its proximal end
• the edge of the disc spins on the radial notch of the ulna (forearm rotation)
• Has a narrower neck and a prominence, the radial tuberosity, on its medial surface→tendon of the biceps muscle

• The distal end of the radius has the Styloid process

45
Q

Ulna

A

the proximal end of the ulna is a C- shaped trochlear notch that wraps around the trochlea of the humerus
• Posterior part is formed by a prominent olecranon
• Anterior side is formed by a less prominent coronoid process

The head of the ulna has a radial notch, which accommodates the edge of the head of the radius.
• At the distal end of the ulna is a medial styloid process

46
Q

The radius and ulna are attached along their shafts by a ligament called the

A

interosseous membrane (IM)

47
Q

Carpal Bones

A

Two rows of four bones each:

• Proximal row, starting at the lateral (thumb) side:
• Scaphoid
• Lunate
• Triquetrum

• Pisiform (sesamoid bone, tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris)

• Distal row, starting on the lateral side:
• Trapezium
• Trapezoid
• Capitate
• hamate

48
Q

Metacarpal Bones

A

• Bones of the palm

• The proximal end of a metacarpal bone is called the base, the shaft is called the body, and the distal end is called the head

• The heads of the metacarpals form knuckles when you clench your fist

49
Q

Phalanges

A

bones of the fingers are called phalanges, in the singular, phalanx

• There are 2 phalanges in the pollex (thumb) and three in each of the other digits.

• The three parts of a phalanx are the same as in a metacarpal: base, body, and head

50
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A

Consist of a complete ring composed of three bones:
• Two hip (coxal) bones, also called ossa coxae

• articulate with each other on the interpubic disc (fibrocartilage)→ symphysis pubis

• Joined to the vertebral column at the sacroiliac joint

• The sacrum

51
Q

Hip bones:

A
  1. The iliac crest
  2. Acetabulum
  3. Obturator foramen
52
Q

metaphyses (singular: metaphysis)

A

are the wide portions of long bones and the regions of the bone where growth occurs. Growth occurs at the section of the metaphysis that is adjacent to the growth plate (physis). The metaphysis is located between the diaphysis and epiphysis

53
Q

lacrimal bone

A

perhaps the most fragile bone of the face and one of the smallest bones in the body. Spanning between the middle of each eye socket, each lacrimal is thin and scalelike and serves as support for the eye. The pair of lacrimal bones are two of the fourteen facial bones.

54
Q

vomer bone

A

form the nasal septum together with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the nasal septal cartilage. In addition, it provides grooves for the passageway of the neurovascular structures of the nasal cavity.

55
Q

Sutures

A

Saggital
Coronal
Lamboid
Squamous

56
Q

Squamous

A

Between parietal and temporal

57
Q

Lamboid

A

Between the parietals and occipital

58
Q

Coronal suture

A

Between the parietals and frontal

59
Q

Sagittal

A

Between the parietals

60
Q

Hyaline cartilage 2 types purpose and location

A

flexibility and resilience
• Articular→cover the ends of most bones at movable joints
• Costal→connect the ribs to the sternum

61
Q

Elastic cartilage purpose and location

A

repeat bending (external ear and epiglottis)

62
Q

Fibrocartilage purpose and location

A

compressive with tensile strength (bundles of collagen)
• Menisci
• Intervertebral discs

63
Q

tympanic part of temporal bones

A

borders the external acoustic meatus, opening into the ear canal

64
Q

mastoid part of temporal bone

A

lies posterior to the tympanic part

mastoid process, is filled with small air sinuses that communicate with the middle-ear cavity

65
Q

petrous part of temporal bones

A

separates the middle cranial fossa from the posterior fossa

• internal acoustic meatus→allows passage of the vestibulocochlear nerve (hearing and balance) from the inner ear to the brain

66
Q

squamous part of temporal bones

A

squamous suture

• the zygomatic process, which extends anteriorly to form part of the zygomatic arch (cheekbone)
• the mandibular fossa, a depression where the mandible articulates with the cranium

67
Q

Parietal bones bordered by four sutures:

A
  1. a sagittal suture between the parietal bones
  2. the coronal suture at the anterior margin
  3. the lambdoid suture at the posterior margin
  4. the squamous suture laterally
68
Q

General Structure of a Vertebra

A

Body—a mass of spongy bone and red bone marrow covered with a thin shell of compact bone
• Vertebral foramen→collectively form the vertebral canal, a passage for the spinal cord
• bordered by a vertebral arch composed of two parts on each side: a pillar like pedicle and platelike lamina
• the apex of the arch: a projection, the spinous process
• transverse process extends laterally from the point where the pedicle and lamina meet

69
Q

Acetabulum

A

(the hip socket)

70
Q

iliac crest

A

from the anterior superior spine to the posterior superior spine (dimples in the buttock)

71
Q

Obturator foramen

A

(closed by the obturator membrane) in the pelvic

72
Q

The adult hip bone forms by the fusion of three childhood bones

A

ilium, ischium, and pubis

73
Q

Greater sciatic notch

A

Houses the sciatic nerve

74
Q

ischial tuberosity

A

supports your body when you are sitting (bone that hurts during spinning class!)

75
Q

Female pelvis

A

Pubic arch greater than 90 degrees
Sacrum tilted back
Big pelvic outlet
Ilia spread wider

76
Q

Male pelvis

A

Pubic arch less than 90 degrees
Sacrum tilted forward
Ilia closer together
Small pelvic outlet

77
Q

Lower Limb Is divided into four regions:

A

The femoral region (thigh)

The crural region (leg proper)

The tarsal region (tarsus), or ankle

The pedal region (pes), or foot

78
Q

femoral region (thigh) of the lower limb

A

• from hip to knee and contains the femur • the patella (kneecap) is a sesamoid bone

79
Q

crural region (leg proper) of the lower limb

A

• from knee to ankle and contains the tibia and fibula

80
Q

tarsal region (tarsus), or ankle of the lower limb

A

• is the union of the crural region with the foot

81
Q

pedal region (pes), or foot, of the lower limb

A

is composed of 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsals, and 14 phalanges in the toes.

82
Q

Femur

A

•has a hemispherical head
• articulates with pelvis acetabulum
→ball-and-socket joint
• Distal to the head is a neck and 2 massive, rough processes called greater and lesser trochanters

• midpoint on shaft a posterior ridge called the linea aspera
• upper end→lateral gluteal tuberosity

• The medial and lateral epicondyles are the widest points of the femur at the knee
• At the distal end of the femur are 2 smooth round surfaces of the knee joint, the medial and lateral condyles, separated by a groove called the intercondyla fossa

83
Q

Patella

A

roughly triangular sesamoid bone embedded in the ligament of the knee

• quadriceps femoris tendon extends from the anterior quadriceps femoris muscle of the thigh to the patella, and it continues as the patellar ligament from the patella to the tibia (tibial tuberosity)

84
Q

Tibia

A

• The leg has two bones:
• tibia on the medial side
• fibula on the lateral side

• Its broad superior head has two articular surfaces, the medial and lateral condyles, separated by a ridge called the intercondylar eminence

• The tibial tuberosity, can be palpated just below the patella

• At the ankle, it has:
• Medial malleolus→part of the tibia
• Lateral malleolus→part of the fibula

85
Q

Fibula

A

• The fibula, helps to stabilize the ankle
• It does not bear any of the body’s weight
• The distal expansion is the lateral malleolus
• The tibia and fibula are joined by an interosseous membrane along their shafts.

86
Q

Ankle and Foot

A

• The tarsal bones:
• The calcaneus which forms the heel
• attachmentforthecalcaneal(Achilles) tendon from the calf muscles
• The talus, the anterior surface articulates with the navicular
• The distal group: medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms and the cuboid

• The metatarsal bones
• The phalanges

87
Q

Synovial Joints

A

• The facing surfaces are covered with articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

• These surfaces are separated by a space, the joint (articular) cavity, containing a slippery lubricant called synovial fluid

• A connective tissue joint (articular) capsule encloses the cavity and retains the fluid
• Inner lining, cellular synovial membrane:
• fibroblast-like cells that secrete the fluid, and is populated by macrophages that remove debris from the joint cavity.

88
Q

Bursae

A

fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid

89
Q

Sinovial Joints: Ball-and-socket joints

A

Ball-and-socket joints→the shoulder and hip joints—the only multiaxial joints in the body
• One bone (the humerus or femur) has a smooth hemispherical head that fits into a cuplike socket on the other (the glenoid cavity of the scapula or the acetabulum of the hip bone)

90
Q

Knee Joint

A

• The anterior aspect is covered by the patellar ligament and the lateral and medial patellar retinacula (extensions of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle)

• The knee is stabilized mainly by the quadriceps tendon in front and the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle on the rear of the thigh

The joint cavity contains two C-shaped cartilages called the lateral and medial menisci (singular, meniscus) joined by a transverse ligament
• The menisci absorb the shock of the body weight

91
Q

Knee Joint ligaments posterior popliteal region of the knee is supported by

A

• The extracapsular ligaments:
1. fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
2. tibial (medial) collateral ligaments

The two intracapsular ligaments lie deep within the joint, they cross each other in the form of an X:
1. anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
2. posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

92
Q

The skull also has about how many named openings (foramina, canals, fissures, etc.)

A

85

93
Q

eight cranial bones are the

A

paired parietal and temporal bones
the unpaired frontal
occipital
sphenoid
ethmoid bones.

A&P (7 decks)

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