Final A&P II Flashcards
4 stages of labor
Early Labor: labor pains
Active Labor: 10cm dilation, effacement
Fetal Birth: crowning, fetal expulsion
Placental Delivery
Simple squamous epithelium
- usually allows filtration or rapid diffusion; thin permeable barrier
• serous membranes: pleurae, pericardium and peritoneum alveoli of the lungs
• endocardium of the heart endothelium of the blood vessels
Stratified squamous epithelium
-multiple layers; protects from friction and abrasion
• mouth
• oropharynx
• laryngopharynx
• esophagus
• anus
vagina
Simple cuboidal epithelium:
absorption and secretion of small solutes such as glucose and ions
nephrons: differences among cells of the proximal and distal tubules
Simple columnar epithelium
-allows absorption and secretion of large molecules- proteins, mucus
• stomach, small and large intestines
• endometrium of the uterus (uterine glands secrete uterine “milk”)
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium mixed with goblet cells-
(“Respiratory epithelium”)
• nasal cavity
• nasopharynx
• trachea
• bronchi
Goblet cells:
modified simple columnar cells that secrete mucus
Podocytes:
modified epithelial cells that help form the glomerular capsule of the nephron with small extensions that help in the filtration process
Blood Flow
Starting right atrium
To right ventricle
To pulmonary trunk
To lungs (pulmonary circuit)-oxygenated
Left side of the heart four pulmonary veins
Left atrium
To left ventricle
To aorta
To body (systemic circuit)
To superior vena cava (SVC) Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) coronary sinus
4 Heart Valves
Atrioventricular Valves
Semilunar Valves
Atrioventricular Valves
Right AV valve (tricuspid) prevents regurgitation of blood back into the right atrium
Left AV valve (bicuspid or mitral) prevents regurgitation of blood back in to the left atrium
Semilunar Valves separate each ventricle from the blood vessel (artery) into which it ejects
Right SL valve (pulmonary)
Left SL valve (aortic)
The AV valves are already open and the ventricles are partially filled with blood BEFORE the atria contract
TRUE
What receives oxygen-poor blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae and coronary sinus (posterior side)
Right Atrium
What receives oxygen-rich blood from the left and right pulmonary veins (two from each lung)
Left Atrium
Oxygen-rich blood returns through the?
Left and right pulmonary veins (from the lungs) and enters the LA
The right atrium receives blood from which of the following vessels
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Coronary Sinus
The atria contract when ventricles are
80% filled
Completes the filling of the ventricles
2 Circuits of Blood
REPLIES
Right Pulmonary
Left Systemic
Pulmonary Circuit (right side pump) pumps blood to the lungs
Systemic Circuit (left side pump) pumps blood to the body
Pulmonary Circulation
From body to heart to lungs
Vessels, chambers and valves as blood travels from the body to heart to lungs
The real master endocrine gland
Hypothalamus
Used to be the anterior pituitary
Testosterone
Travels in blood to other body sites, stimulates maturation of male genitalia, development of secondary sex characteristics
GnRH gonadotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus,stimulates secretion of FSH & LH from anterior pituitary, gonads, estrogen progesterone and testosterone
Spermatogenis
What hormones provoke GnRH
Neurohormones from the hypothalamus control the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones, the anterior pituitary secretes tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete their hormones-estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
Hypothalamic Pituitary Gonadal Axis
Males
Regulated only by negative feedback
↑ GnRH leads to ↑ FSH and LH which lead to ↑ spermatogenesis and ↑ testosterone production
When sperm count and testosterone levels are sufficient, then GnRH FSH and LH secretion decrease back to normal
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Gonadal Axis
Females
Regulated by negative and positive feedback
↑ GnRH secretion from hypothalamus leads first to ↑ FSH and development of a dominant oocyte
Estrogen from oocyte stimulates proliferation of the uterine lining
High estrogen levels trigger high LH secretion which triggers ovulation and development of a corpus luteum
Progesterone from the corpus luteum stimulates secretory phase in the uterus
The Uterine Cycle 3 phases
Secretion of estrogen and progesterone from the ovaries during the ovarian cycle promote the monthly changes seen in the endometrium of the uterus during the uterine (menstrual) cycle
Menstrual Phase
Proliferative Phase
Secretory Phase