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Med Surg > Lab And Diagnostics > Flashcards

Lab And Diagnostics Flashcards

0
Q

What do you always need to know to reduce the potential for risk?

A

Safety

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1
Q

Is there a risk with a central line? Why?

A

Yes there is a big risk because of infection

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2
Q

Hematocrit should be about ____ times of what hemoglobin is

A

3

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3
Q

What are 3 big safety concerns

A

Drawing specimens from an extremity with an IV solution infusing can produce inaccurate results, prolonged use of a tourniquet before venous sampling can falsely increase the serum potassium, and delay in delivering specimens can cause hemolysis and falsely elevate potassium

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4
Q

What can delay in delivering specimens cause?

A

Hemolysis and falsely elevate potassium

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5
Q

What can prolonged use if tourniquet before venous sampling cause?

A

Can falsely increase the serum potassium because potassium is in the blood and cell and if there is damage to the cell then it is going to release potassium into the system

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6
Q

Normal WBC

A

4,500-11,000 cells/mm3

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7
Q

What can a high WBC count mean

A

Infection/inflammation

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8
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

Total low WBC count

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9
Q

What is a low WBC count?

A

Less than 2,000; neutropenia

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10
Q

Who might have neutropenia? What do these people not have?

A

Chemotherapy patient and these people do not have defenses to fight off infection

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11
Q

Normal hematocrit

A

35-50%

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12
Q

What does hematocrit represent

A

% of RBC in plasma

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13
Q

What is hematocrit frequently done to assess?

A

Blood loss, however a change in hematocrit may not be seen for several hours after hemorrhage

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14
Q

If hematocrit is below 15% what can the patient have

A

Cardiac failure

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15
Q

If the hematocrit is above 60% what can the patient have

A

Spontaneous blood clotting

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16
Q

If somebody is over hydrated what will this do to their hematocrit?

A

Lower Hct

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17
Q

What will having a bad burn do to the hematocrit?

A

Increase Hct because fluid goes to the burn site

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18
Q

How do we get new RBC

A

Our body makes them by bone marrow

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19
Q

What can a hemoglobin less than 5 mean

A

Heart failure

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20
Q

What can a hemoglobin over 20 mean?

A

Vascular congestion congestion with clogging of capillaries

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21
Q

What is used to screen for anemia?

A

Hemoglobin

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22
Q

Oxygen carrying capacity of blood

A

Hemoglobin

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23
Q

When is hemoglobin typically lowered?

A

With blood loss or bone marrow suppression

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24
Q

Will you see a low or high hemoglobin with somebody that is dehydrated?

A

High

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25
Q

Normal platelet count

A

150,000-400,000

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26
Q

What is a low platelet count called

A

Thrombocytopenia

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27
Q

What are some bleeding precautions

A

Soft bristle toothbrush; electric razor; don’t take aspirin, anticoagulants, or NSAIDs; stay away from dangerous hobbies

28
Q

What is aPTT usually used to monitor?

A

Effectiveness of heparin therapy

29
Q

What is a normal aPTT

A

20-36 seconds

30
Q

APTT should be ___-___ times normal for standard heparin therapy

A

1.5-2.5

31
Q

Heparin subq q 8 hours is more of a _______ ________

A

Preventive measure

32
Q

If patient is receiving intermittent heparin therapy when should you draw aPTT?

A

One hour before the next dose is due (trough)

33
Q

What are PT and INR uses to measure?

A

Effectiveness of warfarin (coumadin) therapy

34
Q

What is target INR

A

Usually 2-3

35
Q

A patients PT is too high but patient needs to have surgery what can you do?

A

Vitamin K or fresh frozen plasma

36
Q

What is normal sodium

A

135-145 mEq/dL

37
Q

What is the main extra cellular cation

A

Sodium

38
Q

What will you see when sodium level is bad?

A

Mental status changes, change in LOC

39
Q

What does hyponatremia result from

A

A sodium loss or water excess

40
Q

What are signs are symptoms of hyponatremia

A

Lethargy, headache, confusion, apprehension, seizures, coma

41
Q

What are symptoms of hypernatremia

A

Weakness, fatigue, dizziness, severe sweating, fevers, vomiting, diarrhea, coma, seizures

42
Q

With either hyponatremia or hypernatremia what should you do to prevent seizures

A

Bring back to normal range slowly

43
Q

What is the major intracellular cation

A

Potassium

44
Q

What is a normal potassium

A

3.5-5 mEq/dl

45
Q

When there is a problem with potassium what system is usually effected

A

Cardiac

46
Q

What types of patients deal with high potassium on a daily basis

A

Renal patients

47
Q

How do you get rid of potassium in a patient that has too high of a potassium

A

Dialysis or K excelate (makes you poop a lot)

48
Q

What are signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia

A

MURDER

Muscle cramps, urine abnormalities, respiratory distress, decreased cardiac contractility, EKG changes, reflexes

49
Q

If a patient has hypokalemia should you push potassium?

A

NO YOU SHOULD NEVER PUSH POTASSIUM

50
Q

How is hypokalemia usually caused

A

Usually we cause this with diuretics

51
Q

What is the biggest issue with low potassium

A

Ventricular dysrhythmias

52
Q

What are symptoms of hypokalemia

A

Skeletal muscle weakness in the legs, the smooth muscles of the GI system, and weakness or paralysis of the respiratory muscles

53
Q

What is a normal BUN

A

10-20

54
Q

What does BUN indicate

A

Renal function and hydration status

55
Q

Who will have a higher creatinine a very muscular person or a person who is not very muscular

A

A very muscular person

56
Q

Go to value for creatinine

A

1.0

57
Q

What does creatinine tell us

A

It’s a better way to strictly measure kidney function

58
Q

What is a normal fasting glucose

A

70-110

59
Q

What does hemoglobin A1C tell us

A

Glucose control over past 2-3 months

60
Q

What do we want hemoglobin A1C to be below

A

6.5

61
Q

What lab test directly assesses renal function?

A

Creatinine

62
Q

If you administer gentamycin what lab data should you look at to assess patients renal status

A

Creatinine

63
Q

Test for warfarin

A

PT, INR

64
Q

Test for heparin

A

aPTT

65
Q

Antidote for warfarin (Coumadin)

A

Vitamin K (Koumadin)

66
Q

Antidote for heparin

A

Protamine sulfate

67
Q

If you put cells in hypertonic solution what happens?

A

They shrink

Med Surg (5 decks)

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