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Lab And Diagnostics Flashcards

0
Q

What do you always need to know to reduce the potential for risk?

A

Safety

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1
Q

Is there a risk with a central line? Why?

A

Yes there is a big risk because of infection

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2
Q

Hematocrit should be about ____ times of what hemoglobin is

A

3

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3
Q

What are 3 big safety concerns

A

Drawing specimens from an extremity with an IV solution infusing can produce inaccurate results, prolonged use of a tourniquet before venous sampling can falsely increase the serum potassium, and delay in delivering specimens can cause hemolysis and falsely elevate potassium

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4
Q

What can delay in delivering specimens cause?

A

Hemolysis and falsely elevate potassium

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5
Q

What can prolonged use if tourniquet before venous sampling cause?

A

Can falsely increase the serum potassium because potassium is in the blood and cell and if there is damage to the cell then it is going to release potassium into the system

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6
Q

Normal WBC

A

4,500-11,000 cells/mm3

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7
Q

What can a high WBC count mean

A

Infection/inflammation

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8
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

Total low WBC count

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9
Q

What is a low WBC count?

A

Less than 2,000; neutropenia

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10
Q

Who might have neutropenia? What do these people not have?

A

Chemotherapy patient and these people do not have defenses to fight off infection

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11
Q

Normal hematocrit

A

35-50%

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12
Q

What does hematocrit represent

A

% of RBC in plasma

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13
Q

What is hematocrit frequently done to assess?

A

Blood loss, however a change in hematocrit may not be seen for several hours after hemorrhage

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14
Q

If hematocrit is below 15% what can the patient have

A

Cardiac failure

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15
Q

If the hematocrit is above 60% what can the patient have

A

Spontaneous blood clotting

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16
Q

If somebody is over hydrated what will this do to their hematocrit?

A

Lower Hct

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17
Q

What will having a bad burn do to the hematocrit?

A

Increase Hct because fluid goes to the burn site

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18
Q

How do we get new RBC

A

Our body makes them by bone marrow

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19
Q

What can a hemoglobin less than 5 mean

A

Heart failure

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20
Q

What can a hemoglobin over 20 mean?

A

Vascular congestion congestion with clogging of capillaries

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21
Q

What is used to screen for anemia?

A

Hemoglobin

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22
Q

Oxygen carrying capacity of blood

A

Hemoglobin

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23
Q

When is hemoglobin typically lowered?

A

With blood loss or bone marrow suppression

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24
Will you see a low or high hemoglobin with somebody that is dehydrated?
High
25
Normal platelet count
150,000-400,000
26
What is a low platelet count called
Thrombocytopenia
27
What are some bleeding precautions
Soft bristle toothbrush; electric razor; don't take aspirin, anticoagulants, or NSAIDs; stay away from dangerous hobbies
28
What is aPTT usually used to monitor?
Effectiveness of heparin therapy
29
What is a normal aPTT
20-36 seconds
30
APTT should be ___-___ times normal for standard heparin therapy
1.5-2.5
31
Heparin subq q 8 hours is more of a _______ ________
Preventive measure
32
If patient is receiving intermittent heparin therapy when should you draw aPTT?
One hour before the next dose is due (trough)
33
What are PT and INR uses to measure?
Effectiveness of warfarin (coumadin) therapy
34
What is target INR
Usually 2-3
35
A patients PT is too high but patient needs to have surgery what can you do?
Vitamin K or fresh frozen plasma
36
What is normal sodium
135-145 mEq/dL
37
What is the main extra cellular cation
Sodium
38
What will you see when sodium level is bad?
Mental status changes, change in LOC
39
What does hyponatremia result from
A sodium loss or water excess
40
What are signs are symptoms of hyponatremia
Lethargy, headache, confusion, apprehension, seizures, coma
41
What are symptoms of hypernatremia
Weakness, fatigue, dizziness, severe sweating, fevers, vomiting, diarrhea, coma, seizures
42
With either hyponatremia or hypernatremia what should you do to prevent seizures
Bring back to normal range slowly
43
What is the major intracellular cation
Potassium
44
What is a normal potassium
3.5-5 mEq/dl
45
When there is a problem with potassium what system is usually effected
Cardiac
46
What types of patients deal with high potassium on a daily basis
Renal patients
47
How do you get rid of potassium in a patient that has too high of a potassium
Dialysis or K excelate (makes you poop a lot)
48
What are signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia
MURDER | Muscle cramps, urine abnormalities, respiratory distress, decreased cardiac contractility, EKG changes, reflexes
49
If a patient has hypokalemia should you push potassium?
NO YOU SHOULD NEVER PUSH POTASSIUM
50
How is hypokalemia usually caused
Usually we cause this with diuretics
51
What is the biggest issue with low potassium
Ventricular dysrhythmias
52
What are symptoms of hypokalemia
Skeletal muscle weakness in the legs, the smooth muscles of the GI system, and weakness or paralysis of the respiratory muscles
53
What is a normal BUN
10-20
54
What does BUN indicate
Renal function and hydration status
55
Who will have a higher creatinine a very muscular person or a person who is not very muscular
A very muscular person
56
Go to value for creatinine
1.0
57
What does creatinine tell us
It's a better way to strictly measure kidney function
58
What is a normal fasting glucose
70-110
59
What does hemoglobin A1C tell us
Glucose control over past 2-3 months
60
What do we want hemoglobin A1C to be below
6.5
61
What lab test directly assesses renal function?
Creatinine
62
If you administer gentamycin what lab data should you look at to assess patients renal status
Creatinine
63
Test for warfarin
PT, INR
64
Test for heparin
aPTT
65
Antidote for warfarin (Coumadin)
Vitamin K (Koumadin)
66
Antidote for heparin
Protamine sulfate
67
If you put cells in hypertonic solution what happens?
They shrink

Med Surg (5 decks)

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