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Visceral Pathology Lab > Lab 9: Kidney/Ureter/Bladder Pathologies > Flashcards

Lab 9: Kidney/Ureter/Bladder Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

What condition is shown?

A

Horseshoe kidneys: isthmus connecting kidneys (congenital anomaly)

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2
Q

What is the most common congenital renal anomaly?

A

Horseshoe kidneys

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3
Q

What deficits are involved in this condition?

A

Kidney function is normal

horseshoe kidneys

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4
Q

What condition is this?

A

Bilateral renal agenesis (both kidneys are absent)

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5
Q

Besides kidneys, what other organ system is involved in this pathology?

A

There is small lung development

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6
Q

When both kidneys are absent, it leads to…

A

oligohydramnios with lung hypoplasia (small lung development)

bilateral renal agenesis

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7
Q

What is the mortality rate for those with this condition?

A

Not compatible with life

bilateral renal agenesis

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8
Q

What pathology is this?

kidney
A

Advanced polycystic kidney disease

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9
Q

What causes this condition in adults?

kidney
A

Autosomal dominant mutation in the polycystin 1 or 2 genes

polycystic kidney disease

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10
Q

Autosomal dominant mutation in the polycystin 1 or 2 genes will lead to what pathology in adults?

A

Polycystic kidney disease

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11
Q

What are some of the first presenting signs in an individual presenting with this condition?

A

Presents in young adults as progressively worsening hypertension, hematuria, and progressive renal failure

polycystic kidney disease

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12
Q

How does blood pressure affect kidney function?

A

High blood pressure means less blood to the kidneys, which dimishes function

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13
Q

How do the kidneys affect blood pressure?

A

Kidneys control water, sodium, and potassium in blood (extracellular fluid volume) through renin and aldosterone

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14
Q

Which kidney hormone increases blood pressure and which decreases it?

A

Renin will increase blood pressure
Aldosterone will decrease blood pressure

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15
Q

What are some of the characteristic signs in an individual with a kidney infection?

A
  • Burning or pain while urinating
  • Foul smelling urine
  • Blood in urine
  • Frequent urination
  • Stomach/back pain
  • Fever/chills
  • Vomiting
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16
Q

Note the accumulation of acute inflammatory cells amongst the kidney tubules
What condition is this?

A

Acute pyelonephritis (kidney infection)

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17
Q

What is the major etiology of this condition?

kidney
A

Ascending infection from the bladder

acute pyelonephritis

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18
Q

In acute pyelonephritis, ___ indicate kidney involvement

A

leukocytic casts

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19
Q

How will a patient with this condition present?

kidney
A

Rapid onset of fever and flank pain

acute pyelonephritis

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20
Q

This is the gross appearance of which renal pathology?

A

Acute pyelonephritis

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21
Q

What is the yellow deposition on this kidney?

A

Purulent exudate

acute pyelonephritis

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22
Q

Diagnosis of this condition can be assisted with…

A

urine examination

acute pyelonephritis

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23
Q

White blood cells are seen to occupy tubules in this histologic preparation of acute pyelonephritis
What is the term for these occupied tubules?

A

Leukocytic casts

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24
Q

White blood cells are occupying the tubules of this kidney
What pathology is this?

A

Acute pyelonephritis

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25
Q

This was found in a urinalysis
What is it?

A

Leukocytic cast

acute pyelonephritis

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26
Q

This is a leukocytic cast found in urinalysis
What pathology is confirmed by this finding?

A

Acute polynephritis

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27
Q

Tubules contain an eosinophilic proteinaceous material that resembles thyroid follicles
What pathology is this?

kidney
A

Chronic polynephritis

28
Q

What material has deposited in these kidney tubules?

A

Eosinophilic proteinaceous colloid-like material containing hemolyzed red blood cells, plasma proteins, and fibrin

chronic polynephritis

29
Q

What is the term for this tissue beginning to resemble endocrine tissue?

kidney
A

Thyroidization of tubules (in the cortex) of the kidney

chronic polynephritis

30
Q

Notice the obvious cortical atrophy as well as dilated calyces
What pathology is shown?

A

Chronic polynephritis

31
Q

What does intravenous pyelogram demonstrate?

A

Contrast dye makes kidneys visible in plain film

32
Q

How does the left hand intravenous pyelogram compare to the right?

A

Left: normal
Right: obstruction of the left ureter by way of a kidney stone with dilation of the calyces of the kidney (also termed hydronephrosis)

33
Q

What are some ways that an obstruction can occur in the kidneys/ureters/bladder?

A
  • Trauma
  • Scarring
  • Tumor or cyst
  • Stones
34
Q

What is obvious in this image when comparing sides?

A

Unilateral hydronephrosis

35
Q

What presumably caused this condition?

A

Stone has lodged at distal end of the ureter

unilateral hydronephrosis

36
Q

This is a gross image of what pathology?

A

Hydronephrosis (swelling)

37
Q

What is a common cause of this condition in males?

A

Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis)

hydronephrosis

38
Q

What are the common presenting signs in an individual with nephrolithiasis?

A

“Loin to groin” pain which is colicky in nature

39
Q

What are some risk factors for nephrolithiasis?

A
  • Familial and hereditary predisposition
  • Inborn erros of metabolism: gout, cystinuria, primary hyperoxaluria
  • Men more affected than women
40
Q

nephrolithiasis

What are the most common type of kidney stones in terms of chemical makeup?

A

Calcium-based stones

41
Q

nephrolithiasis

Which type of stones will occur in individuals who have had multiple kidney infections?

A

Struvite mineral stones

42
Q

nephrolithiasis

Which stones are associated with metabolic conditions?

A

Errors in amino acid metabolism can produce a rare stone, cystine stone

43
Q

nephrolithiasis

Which stones are associated with genetic conditions?

A

Those with gouty arthritis have a tendency to produce uric acid stones

44
Q

What condition is this?

A

Renal cell carcinoma

45
Q

What is the triad of symptoms that come with this malignancy?

A

Hematuria, palpable mass, flank pain

renal cell carcinoma

46
Q

When does this condition typically present?

A

Later in life

renal cell carcinoma

47
Q

Which of these pathologies remains within the renal capsule: renal cell carcinoma or nephroblastoma?

A

Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor)

48
Q

What condition is this?

A

Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor)

49
Q

What symptoms present with this condition?

A

A flank mass, hematuria, and hypertension

nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor)

50
Q

What is the cause of this condition?

A

Associated with WT mutation (tumor suppressor gene)

nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor)

51
Q

These are images of the bladder
What is visualized in pane A?

acute cystitis
A

Foci of hemorrhage on hyperemic bladder mucosa

52
Q

These are images of the bladder
What is visualized in pane B?

acute cystitis
A

Foci of mucosal hemorrhage

53
Q

These are images of the bladder
What is visualized in pane C?

acute cystitis
A

PMNs infiltrating mucosa

54
Q

These are images of the bladder
What condition is this?

A

Acute cystitis

55
Q

What are some etiologies of this condition?

A

Infectious agents (as found in urinalysis)

acute cystitis

56
Q

How does this condition present?

A
  • Dysuria
  • Urinary frequency and urgency
  • Supra and retropubic pain

acute cystitis

57
Q

This is a bladder
What is shown by the arrow?

A

Hemorrhagic defect in the edematous mucosa of the bladder

interstital cystitis

58
Q

What is a risk of having this condition?

A

Chronic bladder infection

interstitial cystitis

59
Q

Indicated by the arrow is a hemorrhagic defect in the edematous mucosa of the bladder
What condition is this?

A

Interstitial cystitis

60
Q

Where in the bladder do most tumors occur and in what pattern?

A

Posterior and lateral walls in a papillary pattern

61
Q

What are the risk factors for developing this pathology?

A
  • Smoking
  • Age
  • Bladder stones
  • Chemotherapy

bladder cancer

62
Q

What is seen at the arrow in this image of the bladder?

A

Large exophytic tumor within the lumen of the bladder

bladder cancer

63
Q

What is the most common subtype of bladder cancer?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma arising from the lining of the bladder or urethra

64
Q

How does this condition generally present?

A

Painless hematuria

65
Q

What is a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma in the bladder?

A

chronic cystitis

Visceral Pathology Lab (2 decks)

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