Lab 8: Reproductive Pathologies Flashcards
This is the lateral side of the penis
What condition is this?
Condyloma acuminatum (genital warts)
What is the causative agent of this condition?
HPV 6 or 11
condyloma acuminatum
Is this benign or malignant?
Benign
condyloma acuminatum
There are nuclei throughout the entire lesion with absence of the stratum corneum
What condition is this?
Condyloma acuminatum (genital warts)
What is the term for the hyperchromatic cells near the surface?
Koilocytes
condyloma acuminatum
What condition is this?
(Massive) varicocele
What is dilated in this condition?
Pampiniform plexus of veins
varicocele
This condition is a common cause of…
oligospermia, infertility
varicocele
This condition raises risk for what malignancy?
Renal cell carcinoma
varicocele
What condition is this?
Inguinal hernia
How might this cause infertility in males?
Loops of intestine and/or abdominal fat may compress the ductus deferens, decreasing fertility
inguinal hernia
Male patient suddenly experiences severe scrotal pain
What condition is this?
Testicular torsion
How does this condition present?
Sudden excruciating pain; one testis may hang higher than the other
testicular torsion
What is the common etiology of this condition?
Congenital failure of the testes to attach to the inner lining of the scrotum via the processus vaginalis
testicular torsion
What tissue is this?
Normal glandular composition of prostate
What is displayed in pane A?
Normal prostate
What is displayed in pane B?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
What is displayed in pane C?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia histology
What is the clinical presentation of the condition in pane B?
Decreased vigor or urinary stream and increasing urinary frequency
benign prostatic hyperplasia
What are the physical findings of the condition in pane B?
Firm, enlarged, nodular prostate
benign prostatic hyperplasia
Why would the prostate enlarge this way with age?
Exposure to active androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
benign prostatic hyperplasia
This is a prostate
Note the small crowded glands, nuclear enlargement, hyperchromatism, and connective tissue
What condition is this?
Prostate adenocarcinoma
What are the physical findings in a patient with this condition?
Stony, hard, craggy prostate
prostate adenocarcinoma
Where will this condition preferentially metastasize?
Lymph nodes and bones (possibly lumbar spine)
prostate adenocarcinoma
Here is a small, well circumscribed mobile, marble or pea-like mass found in the breast
What condition is this?
Fibroadenoma
There is glandular and stromal tissue within the breast
Most pathologies of the breast arise from what structure within glandular tissue?
Terminal duct lobular unit
What is the general palpable feel of this condition?
Firm, smooth, rubbery, and round
fibroadenoma
What is the typical age of this presentation?
Premenopausal females
(tends to resolve after menopause)
fibroadenoma
Is this a painful or painless lesion?
Generally painless
fibroadenoma
This is a histological slide of breast tissue
Note the cysts, hyperplastic glands, and fibrosis
What condition is this?
Fibrocystic change
What is the typical age of this presentation?
Women between 30 and 50 years old
fibrocystic change
What is the palpatory feel of this condition?
Irregular breast tissue with “lumpy, bumpy” feel
fibrocystic change
Is this a painful or painless lesion?
Typically painful
fibrocystic change
breast cancer
___% of preinvasive cancers are in situ
___% of cancers are invasive
25% of preinvasive cancers are in situ
75% of cancers are invasive
breast cancer
25% of preinvasive cancer are in situ, 80% of which are ___ and 20% are ___
80% are ductal
20% are lobular
breast cancer
75% of cancers are invasive, 80% of which are ___ and 20% are ___
80% are ductal
20% are lobular
A malignant proliferation of cells with in a breast duct is evident with no invasion of the basement membrane
What condition is this?
Ductal carcinoma in situ
breast cancer
What marks the difference between ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma?
Invasion of the basement membrane
Mammography of this condition may reveal ___
calcifications
(which could be biopsied to determine malignancy)
ductal carcinoma in situ
Note the ill-defined margins of this condition with irregular cords and nests of neoplastic cells invading stroma
What condition is this?
Invasive ductal carcinoma
What is another name for this condition?
invasive ductal carcinoma
Schirrous carcinoma due to hard and craggy feel to lesion
What is the term for the eosinophilic connective tissue bands that separate these cords of neoplastic cells invading the stroma?
Connective tissue response: desmoplasia
invasive ductal carcinoma
What is the palpatory feel of this condition?
Harder feel, most likely to be detected on self breast exam
invasive ductal carcinoma
This is a histological slide of breast tissue
What condition is this?
Invasive ductal carcinoma
What condition is this?
Paget’s disease of the breast
What is this condition typically associated with?
Deeper invasive ductal or lobular carcinoma
Paget’s disease of the breast
What are some risk factors associated with cervical cancer?
- Smoking
- HPV infection
- HIV/AIDS
- Oral contraceptives
- Family history
Note the single layer of hyperchromatic cells atop the basement membrane, and the most superficial layers of cells being compact and flattened
What is this a biopsy of?
Normal cervical epithelium
Note how the epithelium is composed of cells that are hyperchromatic for approximately ½ of the thickness of the epithelium, while superficial layers remain squamous
What condition is this?
Moderate cervical dysplasia
Note that all layers of the cervix are hyperchromatic, but the basement membrane is intact
What condition is this?
Carcinoma in situ of cervix
Note that the basement membrane has been breached
What condition is this?
Microinvasive carcinoma of cervix
What condition is this?
Teratoma
(cystic tumor derived from all embryologic layers)
What condition is this?
Follicular cysts
What age group is most affected by this condition?
Females in child bearing years
follicular cysts
What is this condition?
Chocolate cyst
(endometriosis present)
How does this lesion form?
Common site of involvement for endometriosis is the ovary
In this case, there is hemorrhage in the ovary turning it a dark brown color
chocolate cyst
Patient presents with extreme pain in right lower quadrant of abdomen. She reports being sexually active and tests positive for pregnancy.
What is the immediate differential?
Ectopic pregnancy
What is the evidence for ectopic pregnancy?
Thrombus seen in lumen is evidence of hemorrhage resulting from attempt at implantation
What lab tests/imaging would reach a diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy?
- Transvaginal ultrasound scan
- Positive pregnancy test (HCG)
What are the signs and symptoms of submucosal leiomyoma?
Abnormal uterine bleeding (dysmenorrhea)
What condition is this?
Multiple leiomyomas
What are the signs and symptoms of subserosal leiomyoma?
Pain
What are the signs and symptoms of intramucosal leiomyoma?
Small will be asymptomatic
Large will cause multiple symptoms
The condition shown is a major etiological factor for ___
infertility
leiomyoma
