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Biochemistry 2 > Lab 9 - HAEMOGLOBIN AND ITS DEGRADATION PRODUCTS > Flashcards

Lab 9 - HAEMOGLOBIN AND ITS DEGRADATION PRODUCTS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most important protein of the red blood cells?

A

Haemoglobins

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2
Q

How does Haemoglobin’s develop?

A

Derythrogenesis.

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3
Q

What is the life span of red blood cells?

A

60-160 days

Short compared to other cells

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4
Q

What can it indicate if the normal velocity changes in Haemaglobin synthesis or degradation?

A

A change in the normal velocity of haemoglobin synthesis or degradation is often connected to non-physiological processes or to deficiency diseases.

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5
Q

What are the morphology of the Haemaglobin?

A

Haemoglobin is built up from four haems,
which have porphyrin skeleton and
four polypeptide chains (two α- and two β-chains).

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6
Q

Which ion can we find in the HEM?

A

Fe2+

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7
Q

There is a Fe2+ ion in each Haem, but what is the most important function?

A

Transport of oxygen from the lung to the tissues.

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8
Q

What does the function the oxygen transport from lung to tissue depend on?

A

Haemoglobin concentration of the blood and

the form of ferrous ion in the haem.

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9
Q

How is Methaemoglobin produced?

A

Methaemoglobin is produced by the oxidation of haemoglobin.

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10
Q

Which ion can we find in Methaemoglobin?

A

Fe3+ ion in each haem unit.

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11
Q

What is special about the Methaemoglobin Fe3+ irons?

A

It is unable to transport oxygen

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12
Q

What are the morphology of the Methaemoglobin?

A

Same as Haemoglobin
Built up from four haems,
which have porphyrin skeleton and
four polypeptide chains (two α- and two β-chains).

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13
Q

What is Peroxidase’s ?

A

Enzymes with porphyrin skeleton

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14
Q

In which group are Peroxidases categorized in?

A

oxidoreductases

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15
Q

What kind of function does the peroxidase have?

A

They are able to oxidize hydrogen-containing substrates in the presence of H2O2.

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16
Q

How can you detect haemoglobins

A

By Benzidine test

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17
Q

What is the principle of a Benzidine test?

A

If in the presence of H2O2 such a substrate is added to the haemoglobin, which has oxidized
and reduced form of different colours, the reaction can be visualized.

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18
Q

In this reaction from leuco-benzidine, which color will be produced?

A

Blue-coloured diimine (benzidineblue) will be

produced.

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19
Q

What is Benzidine test used for in clinical examinations?

A

Detection of blood or free haemoglobin

from different types of biological fluids, primarily from urine.

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20
Q

What is the name of the phenomenon when If blood is excreted in urine?

A

Haematuria,

if haemoglobin: haemoglobinura.

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21
Q

What is the main reasons of emergence of haematuria:

A
  •  Lower urinary tract infection
  •  Inflammation of kidneys (nephritis)

- Stone (calculus) formed in the kidneys or in the urinary tract (urolithiasis)

- Tumors of the urinary tract

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22
Q

What is the main reasons of emergence of haemaglobinuria?

A 
Intensive haemolysis (different types of infections, eg. Babesiosis, immune mediated
haemolytic anaemia (IHA), particular metabolic diseases)
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23
Q

What is the haemoglobin concentration in healthy people?

A

8-10 mmol/l (140-160 g/l).

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24
Q

What is the Haemoglobin conc. In domestic animals?

A

This value ranges between 4-10 mmol/l (70-160 g/l).

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25
Q

What happens If the haemoglobin content decreases?

A

The oxygen supply of the tissues will decrease, too.

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26
Q

Red blood cells have to be haemolysed in what solution?

A

Ammonia solution

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27
Q

What is the effect by the haemolysation of RBC in ammonia solution?

A

The total amount of haemoglobin will turn to oxyhaemoglobin by the effect of ammonia.

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28
Q

What is the absorption maximum of oxyhaemoglobin?

A

540 nm.

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29
Q

When haemoglobin deliberated from the red blood cells is oxidized by?

A

potassium hexacyanoferrate

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30
Q

When haemoglobin deliberates from the RBC when oxidizing, It will happen in presence of What?, and will produce what?

A

In the presence of KCN (transformation solution), methaemoglobin will be produced,
where Fe3+ ion is bound to cyanide ion.

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31
Q

The so produced cyano-methaemoglobin is

stable, and can be determined by ?

A

photometry at 540 nm

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32
Q

What is the most accurate method of quantitive determination?

A

Cyano-methaemoglobin method

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33
Q

Why is it important to measure the haemoglobin concentration?

A

Haemoglobin concentration of blood is pathologically low in case of some types of anaemia

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34
Q

When does anemia occur?

A

Anaemia occurs when the synthesis of haemoglobin is not satisfactory (due to iron deficiency, lead
poisoning or some enzymopathies, eg. porphyria).

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35
Q

What is the name of a haemoglobin if it does not contain oxygen?

A

Deoxyhaemoglobin

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36
Q

What is the name if you combine the haemoglobin and oxygen?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin.

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37
Q

What are the two haemoglobin derivates?

A

Deoxyhaemoglubin
Oxyhaemoglobulin

They are differentiated by spectroscopy

38
Q

When differentiating the two haemoglobulin derivates we observe what in the spectroscope?

A

Absorption lines

This method is also suitable for quantitative determination of
haemoglobin derivates.

39
Q

How manny absorption lines does deoxyhaemoglobin have?

A

1

40
Q

How manny absorption lines does oxyhaemoglobin have?

A

2

41
Q

How do you determine the value of oxygen saturation?

A

It be determined by the proportion of oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin in the blood.

42
Q

What does oxygen saturation show?

A

The ratio of the oxyhaeomoglobin and

the total haemoglobin.

43
Q

What do they measure the oxygen saturation with in clinics? The device is also used as one of the most important device during anestesia

A

Plusoximeter

44
Q

Wher do they usually place the Pulsoximeter ?

A

On the tongue or on the pad of the animal

45
Q

The absorption range of oxyhaemoglobin are shown in which color?

A

Blue

46
Q

The absorption range of deoxyhaemoglobin are shown in which color?

A

Red

47
Q

Where does old red blood cells or those which have decreased osmotic resistance get disrupted?

A

In the spleen

48
Q

What does it called when the old red blood cells or those which have decreased osmotic resistance are disrupted in the spleen and the haemoglobin is deliberated

A

Haemolysis

49
Q

What is the name of the cells that haemoglobin is taken up by?

A 
MPS Cells
(mononuclear phagocyte system; earlier called RES = reticuloendothelial system)
50
Q

What is bilirubin-I or indirect bilirubin?

A

When the bilirubin (Br) comes out from the MPS-cells into the blood circulation where it is
bound to albumin due to its apolar feature.

51
Q

Where is the transport protein released?

A

In the liver

52
Q

Bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid by the liver

cells - what are produced?

A

Bilirubin glucuronide

53
Q

How does mostly bilirubin glucuronide excrete?

A

With the bile into the intestines

54
Q

From bilirubin in the intestine, after further reductions what will be produced?

A

Urobilinogen (UBG)

and stercobilinogen

55
Q

A part of urobilinogen can be

absorbed and is transported by…..?

A

The portal vein into the liver where it is reoxydized to bilirubin

56
Q

What will happen to the other part of UBG?

A

It goes into the systemic circulation and

then the kidney will excrete it.

57
Q

What will happen to the urobilinogen and stercobilinogen remaining in the intestines?

A

They are oxidized into urobilin and stercobilin and are eased by the faeces.

58
Q

What are the two types of bilirubin that can be found in the blood?

A

Albumin (indirect bilirubin, Br-I)
The other is conjugated to glucuronic acid
(direct bilirubin, Br-II)

59
Q

How can we detect the two bilirubin forms?

A

By Diazo reagent

60
Q

The bilirubin bound to albumin does not react with the diazo reagent, what has to be done?

A

It has to be detached by ethanol or caffeine

61
Q

Bilirubinglucuronid reacts with diazo reagent directly, and produces…?

A

a colourful azobilirubin

62
Q

What causes the color of azobilirubin?

A

–N=N– group and is characteristic for this molecule.

63
Q

What excretes the excess or deleterious materials?

A

The kidney
among them bilirubin from the blood,
into the urine.

64
Q

Which billirubin cannot pass through the glomerulus?

A

The bilirubin attached to albumin cannot pass thorough the glomerulus cause its to big

65
Q

Why can’t indirect bilirubin be detected in

the urine of healthy animals.

A

Cause the bilirubin attached to albumin cannot pass through the glomerulus cause the molecule is to big

66
Q

What molecule can can always be found in small amounts in the urine?

A

Bilirubin glucuronide (direct bilirubin, Br-II)

Can be filtered through the glomerulus wall, therefore it can always be found in small amounts in the urine.

67
Q

What is bilirubinuria?

A

In certain pathological cases, the amount of bilirubin excreted into the urine increases as well

In horses it is typical under physiological conditions too.

68
Q

How can we detect the bilirubin in the urine?

A

Gmelin’s test

69
Q

When detecting bilirubin in the urin by Gmelin’s test, what happens?

A

The bilirubin is oxidized by concentrated nitric acid, and produces rings of different colours.

70
Q

How can we detect urobilinogen in the urine?

A

Ehrlich’s reaction.

The UBG can be detected in the urine by Ehrlich’s reaction.

71
Q

What makes a positive Ehrlih reaction?

A

Normal amounts of UBG give

positive reaction after being heated only.

72
Q

In pathological cases, what will happen with the Erlichs test if the UBG level increases in the urine?

A

Ehrlich’s reaction will produce red color even in room temperature

73
Q

What is the case if the mixture doesn’t become red even after heating (Ehrlich reaction)?

A

Pathological changes

It tells us that the urine does not contain UBG at all

74
Q

What does the Ehrlich’s reagent consist of?

A

P-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde dissolved in hydrochloric acid

75
Q

What is the phenomenon called when bilirubin concentration of blood is increased?

A

Hyperbilirubinaemia

76
Q

What is jaundice (icterus)?

A

The apolaric bilirubin can easily penetrate into different types of tissues and colour them yellow, resulting in
jaundice (icterus).

77
Q

Where is typical symptoms of icterus are visible the soonest

A

Sclera and mucosal membranes

78
Q

How can we exploring the background of icterus?

A

Examination of bilirubin and UBG content of serum and urine

79
Q

When does Intensive intravascular haemolysis occur?

A

In case of numerous infections,

eg. Babesiosis or Leptospirosis, immune mediated haemolytic anaemia (IHA) or several rare metabolic diseases (enzyme deficiencies).

80
Q

How does the intensive intravascular haemolysis effect of the detection of Bilirubins?

A

In these cases the amount of both types of bilirubin
(but primarily the amount of indirect bilirubin, Br-I) is increased and huge amount of direct bilirubin (Br-II) and UBG is excreted in the urine.

81
Q

What is the “pre-hepatic” form of icterus?

A

In these cases the amount of both types of bilirubin
(but primarily the amount of indirect bilirubin, Br-I) is increased and huge amount of direct bilirubin (Br-II) and UBG is excreted in the urine.

82
Q

What is the “pre-hepatic” form of icterus usually associated with?

A

Is usually in association with anaemia due to the

decreased number of red blood cells.

83
Q

What is the “post-hepatic” form of icterus?

A

In case of occlusion of biliary ducts (eg. gall stone, parasitosis or pancreatic diseases),

great amount of direct bilirubin (Br-II) gets into blood stream from stagnant bile,

resulting in increased direct bilirubin (Br-II) concentration of blood.

84
Q

What is the “post-hepatic” form of icterus usually associated with?

A

Usually associated with increased direct bilirubin (Br-II) and less increased indirect bilirubin (Br-I) content of serum.

85
Q

What happens during “post-hepatic” form of icterus

A

The direct bilirubin (Br-II) concentration of urine is significantly increased too,

but due to the occluded bile ducts, no UBG
can be produced from bilirubin in the intestines, so there is no detectable UBG in the urine.

86
Q

What is “hepatic icterus”?

A

Some hepatic diseases may cause icterus as well because of the damage and disintegration of
hepatocytes and the disfunction of glucuronic conjugation (“hepatic” icterus).

87
Q

Result of clinical laboratory

diagnostics can be very diverse depending on what?

A

The aetiology and the grade of the disease.

88
Q

What is neonatal jaundice?

A

Icterus of newborns is due to the immature hepatic glucuronic conjugation system.

89
Q

What is Icterus of newborn primarily associated with?

A

The accumulation of indirect bilirubin (Br-I).

90
Q

What is special with the body regarding to neonatal jaundice?

A

Neonatal jaundice almost

certainly occurs in animals too, but, by itself, is not recognized as a significant disorder.

91
Q

Who cay you just by looking at a animal visualize the case of jaundice (icterus)?

A

In case of jaundice (icterus) the gingiva and the mucosa in the mouth and the sclera are yellow coloured

Biochemistry 2 (7 decks)

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