Lab 8 - Examination of Blood sugar level

Question 1

What does blood sugar level mean?

Answer 1

The concentration of all monosaccharides present in the blood.

Question 2

The blood sugar level can also be used for description of ?

Answer 2

Blood glucose concentration

Question 3

The blood sugar level can also be used for description of Blood glucose concentration exempt from when? And why?

Answer 3

It can be used exempt for ungulates in foetal ages and right after birth, because almost the total amount of blood sugar is fructose.

Question 4

The blood level within the species is very similar

What is the blood value of blood sugar in mammals exempt ruminants are?

Answer 4

Blood sugar level: 4-5 mmol/l

Question 5

The blood level within the species is very similar

What is the blood value of blood sugar in Ruminants?

Answer 5

Blood sugar level in ruminants: 2-3 mmol/l

Question 6

The blood level within the species is very similar

What is the blood value of blood sugar in birds?

Answer 6

Blood sugar level in birds: 8-9 mmol/l, even higher.

Question 7

Which organs do particularly require a large quantity of sugar for energy supply?

Answer 7

Muscle
Brain
Kidney

Question 8

Consumption of blood sugar affects which level?

Answer 8

The consumption decreases the level of blood glucose.

Question 9

The consumption of blood sugar decreases the level of blood glucose, but what are the 3 main possibilities to maintain it?

Answer 9

1. Absorbtion from the intestines (after feeding)
2. Glycogenolysis (phosphorolysis) in the liver producing blood glucose from glycogen,
3. Glucogenesis in the liver.

Question 10

What does glucose consumption mainly depend on?

Answer 10

Reqiuremenst of the organ
Regulation of the production is induced by the charge in BSL.

Both production is hormonally regulated

Question 11

Hormon:

• Insulin
  1. ) Place of production?
  2. ) Increases?
  3. ) Decreases?
  4. ) Blood sugar level is?

Answer 11

1.) Pancreas beta-cells

2.)
Glycogenesis in liver, Glycolyses in the periphery, glucose uptake by the cells (req. GLUT 4 transporter protein)

3. ) Glycogenolysis in the liver, muscles lipolysis, gluconeogenesis in the liver.
4. ) Decreased

Question 12

Hormon:

• Glucagon
  1. ) Place of production?
  2. ) Increases?
  3. ) Decreases?
  4. ) Blood sugar level is?

Answer 12

1. ) Pancreas a-cells
2. ) Glycogenolysis in the liver, Gluconeogenesis in liver
3. ) Glycogenesis in liver, Glycolysis in liver
4. ) Increased

Question 13

Hormon:

• Adrenalin
  1. ) Place of production?
  2. ) Increases?
  3. ) Decreases?
  4. ) Blood sugar level is?

Answer 13

1. ) Adrenal medulla
2. ) Gycogenolysis in the muscle
3. ) Glycogenesis in the muscle
4. ) Increased

Question 14

Hormon:

• Glucocorticoids
  1. ) Place of production?
  2. ) Increases?
  3. ) Decreases?
  4. ) Blood sugar level is?

Answer 14

1. ) Adrenal cortex (zona felucida)
2. ) Gluconeogenesis (primary from amino acids)
3. ) Glycolysis
4. ) Increased

Question 15

Hormon:

• Growth hormone (GH or STH)
  1. ) Place of production?
  2. ) Increases?
  3. ) Decreases?
  4. ) Blood sugar level is?

Answer 15

1. Adenohypophysis
2. Lipolysis
3. Gluconeogenesis (form amino acids)
4. Increased

Question 16

Hormon:

• ACTH
  1. ) Place of production?
  2. ) Increases?
  3. ) Decreases?
  4. ) Blood sugar level is?

Answer 16

1. Adenyhypophysis
2. Glucocrticoid production of adrenal cortex
4. ) Increased

Question 17

Venipucture site on a rabit?

Answer 17

V. auricularis lateralis

Question 18

4 IU Insulin and 0,2ml adrenalin shal be given?

Answer 18

I.M

Question 19

20ml glucose shall be given?

Answer 19

S.C

Question 20

Why do we aspirate when performing IM or SC injection?

Answer 20

To make sure that we don’t administering it Intra venously.

Question 21

What are the materials of 8.1 - The effect of insulin, adrenalin and glucose injection on the blood sugar of rabbit?

Answer 21

• Rabbit
• Insulin injection (Actrapid injection)
• Adrenalin injection (Tonogen inj)
• Sterile glucose injection (0,3 mol/l)
• 70% ethanol
• Eppendorf tuves treaded with heparin
• Needle for drawing blood (18-19, 23 G)
• Syringes (1ml, 20ml)
• Scissors
• Cotton wool

Question 22

How much Sorbivet (glucose-fructose-mannitol) injection has to be given to the insulin treaded rabbit after the second blood collection, and why?

Answer 22

10 ml Sorbivet, because blood sugar level has to be increased to the physiological value.

Question 23

What are the two most important vessels of the rabbits ear?

Answer 23

Marginal vein

Auricular artery

Question 24

What are the most frequent test in human medical laboratories?

Answer 24

Determination of blood glucose concentration.

Question 25

Why is determination of blood glucose concentration have a clinical importance in vet.med?

Answer 25

Due to increasing occurrence of dog, cat and ferret diabetes.

Question 26

Wich method will be used at our lab?

Answer 26

Most commonly available human kit, it operates with glucose oxidase-peroxidase (GOD-POD) method. It will be compared with a automatic GLUCOMETER.

Question 27

How does glucometers work?

Answer 27

Strips designed to draw up a defined volume of color change or electrical charge. It translates a enzymatic reaction into a glucose measurement..

Question 28

The marginal ear vein can also be used for sample site of which animal?

Answer 28

Cats: Common Dogs: aceptable

Question 29

Determination of the blood glucose concentration by the glucose oxidase-perioxidase enzyme system (GOD-POD) What enzymes are needed?

Answer 29

Comercially available in lyophilized forms

Question 30

Determination of the blood glucose concentration by the glucose oxidase-perioxidase enzyme system (GOD-POD) What does the blood glucose produce?

Answer 30

Gluconic acid - By the effect of glucose oxidase (GOD) - With water uptake and H2O2 production. - H2O2 will be transformed into H2O by Perioxidase (POD )

Question 31

Determination of the blood glucose concentration by the glucose oxidase-perioxidase enzyme system (GOD-POD) Which indicator, in presence of H-containing substrate is used?

Answer 31

Trinder´s indicator

Question 32

Determination of the blood glucose concentration by the glucose oxidase-perioxidase enzyme system (GOD-POD) What does Trinder´s indicator reaction contain? And what does it look like

Answer 32

4-aminoantipyrine and phenol reagent | - Coluourfull condensate is produced.

Question 33

Determination of the blood glucose concentration by the glucose oxidase-perioxidase enzyme system (GOD-POD) The amount of the colorful condensate ? (Trinder´s indicator) What does it mean?

Answer 33

Measured at 546 nm with spectrophotometry | Increasing absorbance is proportional to the glucose concentration of the sample.

Question 34

Determination of the blood glucose concentration by the glucose oxidase-perioxidase enzyme system (GOD-POD) What are the reaction GOD

Answer 34

Glucose - H20--> GOD = Gluconic acid

Question 35

Determination of the blood glucose concentration by the glucose oxidase-perioxidase enzyme system (GOD-POD) What are the reaction POD

Answer 35

2H2O2 + 4-aminoantipyrin + phenol --> POD = Red derivate of chignon + 4H2O

Question 36

Determination of the blood glucose concentration by the glucose oxidase-perioxidase enzyme system (GOD-POD) What is the standard glucose solution?

Answer 36

5,5 mmol/l (10* lilted with trichloroacetic acid solution)

Question 37

Determination of the blood glucose concentration by the glucose oxidase-perioxidase enzyme system (GOD-POD) Materials

Answer 37

- Freschly collected blood inhibited in clotting - TCA (10%) - Eppendorf tubes - Collour reagent: GOD and POD dissolved phosphate buffer and the colourforming agent (4.aminoantipyrin and phenol) - Spectrophotometer - Pipette (2ml) - Automatic pipette - 37*c water bath.

Question 38

Determination of the blood glucose concentration by the glucose oxidase-perioxidase enzyme system (GOD-POD) Why add TCL to solution?

Answer 38

In order to ppt the proteins from the sample

Question 39

Determination of the blood glucose concentration by the glucose oxidase-perioxidase enzyme system (GOD-POD) How do you measure the absorbance?

Answer 39

After incubation on 37*C for 15min, the absorb. are measured at 546 nm. Calculation: (Abs sample/Abs standard)* 5,5 = C sample

Question 40

Determination of the blood glucose concentration by the glucose oxidase-perioxidase enzyme system (GOD-POD) You can also tell the concentration of blood glucose by a .......?

Answer 40

Glucometer (From full blood without deproteinization).