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Lab Exam 8,9 & 10 > Lab 9 > Flashcards

Lab 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the number one cause of death for men and women in the US

A

Cardiovascular disease

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2
Q

What is elevated blood pressure at rest called

A

Hypertension

130/80

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3
Q

The period Of time from the end of one heartbeat through the end of the next beat is called

A

Cardiac cycle

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4
Q

The number of beats per minute is called

A

Heart rate or pulse rate

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5
Q

The time when heart rate is contracting is called

A

Systole

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6
Q

The time when cardiac muscles relax is called

A

Diastole

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7
Q

The amount of blood pumped I left ventricle during one contraction is

A

Stroke volume.

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8
Q

The amount of blood pumped by left ventricle in one minute is called

A

Cardiac output

CO= HR x SV

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9
Q

This portion of the blood circulation carries blood to and from most tissues of the body

A

Systemic circulation

(Left ventricle)

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10
Q

This portion of the blood circulation carries blood to and from the lungs

A

Pulmonary circulation

(Right ventricle)

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11
Q

The resistance to blood flow that is by arterioles and the smooth muscle cells is called

A

Total peripheral resistance

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12
Q

When smooth muscle cells contracts and decrease lumen diameter ______ occurs

A

Vasoconstriction

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13
Q

When relaxation of smooth muscle cells widens the lumen diameter _____ occurs

A

Vasodilation

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14
Q

This form of blood pressure is measured when the left ventricle is contracting

A

Systolic blood pressure

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15
Q

This form of blood pressure is measured when the left ventricle is relaxed and filling

A

Diastolic blood pressure

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16
Q

The difference between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure is called

A

Pulse pressure

(SBP - DBP)

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17
Q

Using sound to measure blood pressure is called

A

Auscultation

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18
Q

What three measurements are used to assess cardiovascular health

A

Systolic blood pressure

diastolic blood pressure

mean arterial pressure

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19
Q

This is used to measure blood pressure?
when taking blood pressure

A

Sphygmomanometer

(BP cuff)

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20
Q

This is used for listening for the sounds of blood pressure?

A

Stethoscope

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21
Q

A stethoscope that uses both ears is called

A

Binaural

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22
Q

To palpitate means to

A

Touch

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23
Q

The first sound while measuring blood pressure is used to identify which type of blood pressure

A

Systolic

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24
Q

The disappearance of sound is used to identify what kind of blood pressure

A

Diastolic

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25
Q

The sounds one listens for while measuring blood pressure are called?

A

Korotkoff sounds

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26
Q

The blood that starts to pass through the partial compression squeezes through to swirl around.

This swirling is called?

A

Turbulent flow

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27
Q

When blood flow returns to normal this free flow is called what while measuring blood pressure

A

Laminar flow

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28
Q

Sound is only heard when there is _____ flow

A

Turbulent

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29
Q

The first phase of korotkov sounds represents (high or low) pressure in artery

A

High (systolic BP)

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30
Q

The fifth phase of korotkov sounds is marked by _____ and represents _____ blood pressure

A

Loss of sound

Diastolic blood pressure

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31
Q

Korotkoff sounds

First phase represents

A

First sound heard while measuring bp

systolic blood pressure

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32
Q

Korotkoff sounds

Second phase represents

A

Sound gets longer (dragged out) described as murmur

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33
Q

Korotkoff sounds

third phase represents

A

Sharp tapping sound

louder

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34
Q

Korotkoff sounds

Fourth phase represents

A

Muffled, quiet

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35
Q

Korotkoff sounds

Fifth phase represents

A

Sound disappears

diastolic blood pressure

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36
Q

What are the three major factors that affect blood pressure

A

1) cardiac output
2) total peripheral resistance
3) total blood volume

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37
Q

_______ are the site of greatest resistance because they Branch extensively and contain a large proportion of smooth muscle

A

Arterioles.

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38
Q

What are the target cells for altering heart rate (location and type of myocardial cell)

A

Conducting cells

Of the sinoatrial node

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39
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released at the target cells of the sympathetic system

A

Norepinephrine

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40
Q

Which specific receptors are found in the heart for the sympathetic neurotransmitter (norepinephrine)

A

Beta-1 adrenergic receptors

41
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released at the target cells of the parasympathetic system

A

Acetylcholine

42
Q

What specific receptors are found in the heart for the parasympathetic neurotransmitter (acetylcholine)

A

Muscarinic receptors

43
Q

What are the target cells for altering stroke volume (location and type of myocardial cell)

A

Contractile cells of the left ventricle

44
Q

What type of adrenergic receptor is found on arterioles that will stimulate smooth muscle contraction and vessel constriction

A

Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor

45
Q

What type of signal molecule is norepinephrine and where does it come from

A

Neurotransmitter

Released from a sympathetic neuron

Synthesized from tyrosine

46
Q

What type of adrenergic receptor is found on arterioles that will stimulate smooth muscle relaxation and vessel dilation

A

Beta 2 adrenergic receptors

47
Q

What signal molecule is most likely going to binds to and activate a beta-2 adrenergic receptors?

A

Epinephrine

48
Q

What type of signal molecule is epinephrine and where does it come from?

A

Neurohormone

Produced by adrenal medulla (chromaffin Cells)

49
Q

What is the primary effect of sympathetic system on arterioles

A

Vasoconstriction

( increase on TPR; increase BP )

50
Q

What is the primary integrating center for regulating the cardiovascular system

A

Medulla oblongata

51
Q

High blood pressure is called

A

Hypertension

52
Q

The force of blood against the inside of blood vessel walls is known as

A

Blood pressure

53
Q

_______ blood pressure is the maximum pressure in an artery during ventricular contraction

A

Systolic

54
Q

_______ blood pressure is the minimum pressure in an artery during ventricular relaxation

A

Diastolic

55
Q

Chronically low blood pressure is called what?

what is the BP reading?

A

Hypotension

(90 / 60)

56
Q

Remember from simulation for taking blood:

pressure no sound =

First sound heard =

No sound heard at end =

A

Artery closed (from cuff)

Systole (artery opening)

Diastole (artery fully open)

57
Q

Why does blood pressure increase with exercise and then lower after 5 minutes

A

Increase blood pressure during exercise is to give adequate blood supply to tissues

When exercise is over oxygen demand decreases

58
Q

What happens to a person’s blood pressure when they go from standing to lying down

A

Blood pressure decreases when laying down

59
Q

Is there an expected difference in pulse rate at the brachial artery in standing versus standing after exercise

A

Yes

Heart rate is elevated after exercise

Brings blood to tissues

60
Q

List three physiological stimuli that trigger a change in heart rate

A
  1. change in oxygen levels
  2. change in Blood Pressure levels
  3. change in Carbon Dioxide levels
61
Q

State the following for parasympathetic blood pressure

Signal molecule
Target cells
Receptor
Transduction
Effect on blood pressure

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Conducting cells of the sinoatrial node
  • Muscarinic receptor
  • G protein-coupled receptor
  • decrease CO2, decrease heart rate, decrease stroke volume = decrease blood pressure
62
Q

State the following for sympathetic effect on blood pressure

Signal molecule
Target cells
Receptor
Transduction
Effect on blood pressure

A
  • Norepinephrine
  • conducting cells of the sinoatrial node
  • beta-1 adrenergic receptors
  • g protein-coupled receptor
  • increase carbon dioxide increase heart rate increase stroke volume = increase blood pressure
63
Q

Will systolic blood pressure be highest during sitting standing or after exercise and why

A

Highest after exercise

Due to increase of blood to tissues

64
Q

When is a pulse felt

A

During systole contraction of ventricles

65
Q

A pulse palpitated with in front of the elbow (antecubital region)

A

Brachial artery

66
Q

A pulse palpitated within the inside of the neck (cervical)

A

Common carotid artery

67
Q

A pulse palpitated on top of the foot (dorsum of foot)

A

Dorsalis pedis artery

68
Q

A pulse rate palpitated within the groin (inguinal region)

A

Femoral artery

69
Q

A pulse palpitated within the back of the knee (popliteal region)

A

Popliteal artery

70
Q

A pulse palpitated between medial side of ankle and achilles

A

Posterior tibial artery

71
Q

The Right Ventricle pumps blood into what circuit?

A

Pulmonary Circuit (Right Ventricle)

72
Q

The Left Ventricle directs blood into what circuit?

A

Systemic Circuit (Left Ventricle)

73
Q

What Ventricle has to perform more work to pump blood further?

A

Left Ventricle

74
Q

Blood Pressure is measured in one of the Systemic Arteries, which one?

A

Brachial Artery

75
Q

As Heart Disease develops which Ventricle is negatively affected?

A

Left Ventricle

76
Q

What are the units that are measured in Blood Pressure?

A

Millimeters of Mercury (mmHg)

77
Q

To determine the average pressure the vessel faces overtime, what type of pressure will be calculated?

A

Mean Arterial Pressure
{ MAP=DBP + 1/3 (SBP-DBP) }

78
Q

The 1st sound is used to identify what when taking BP?

A

Systolic BP

79
Q

Once sound disappears
the disappearance of the sound is used to identify the 2nd sound, what is it?

A

Diastolic BP

80
Q

What are the 3 major factors affecting Blood Pressure?

A

Cardio Out
Total Peripheral Resistance
Total Blood Volume

81
Q

Total Blood Volume is?

A

Is the total amount of blood in the Cardiovascular System

82
Q

The Lower the Total Blood Volume you have,
the (higher or Lower) the pressure is ?

A

Lower the pressure is

83
Q

As Cardiac Output increases, your BP will _____,

(increase or decrease)

A

increase C.O. leads to increased BP

84
Q

Total Peripheral Resistance

A

Is the opposition the blood faces as it moves through blood vessels.

85
Q

______ are also very important in the Regulation of Blood Flow through the body.

A

Arterioles

86
Q

C.O. and TPR are heavily influenced by the___ ____ System.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

87
Q

Beta 2 Adrenergic Receptors will stimulate what to happen?

A

Vasodilation of some blood vessels
around skeletal muscle, Heart, Liver
( it has a minor effect on TPR.)

88
Q

What happens in Flight or Fight?

A

Increase BP
Increase C.O.
Increase TPR

89
Q

What happens in Rest in Digest?

A

Decrease C.O.
Decrease TPR
Decrease BP

90
Q

Parasympathetic has No influence on Stroke Volume and little on Arterioles and TPR, so what happens to create decrease SV & decrease TPR?

A

Reduction in Sympathetic Input

91
Q

with Family History of Hypertension, ones SBP should be less than what?

A

140 mmHg

92
Q

What happens during exercising?

A

Increase BP - to allow more blood flow to the tissues.

Increase CO2. - levels- this triggers a response from conducting cells at the SA Node to contract faster
increase Heart rate.

Increase O2. - levels will this triggers a response from conducting cells at the SA Node to contract faster

Increase Heart rate to allow more Oxygen to be delivered to the tissues.

93
Q

What are the Functions of Blood?

A
  1. Transport: O2 & CO2 waste products (UREA & LACTIC ACID)
  2. Blood Cells: WBC & RBC
  3. Plasma Proteins: Fibrogen, Albumins, Globulin
  4. Regulates: Body Temp, Ph, Fluid, Electrolytes
  5. Protects: WBC protect against infection
94
Q

What type of pressure is the maxium pressure inthe artery during Ventricular contraction?

A

Systolic Pressure

95
Q

What type of minimum pressure is in an artery during Ventricular relaxation?

A

Diastolic Pressure

96
Q

Adequate Blood Pressure being maintained for proper Blood Flow to tissues is called what?

A

Tissue Perfusion

97
Q

Chronically Elavated Blood Pressure is called what? What is the reading of BP?

A

Hypertension

130/80

98
Q

The measurement ___ is the force applied by blood against the walls of the arteries?

A

Blood Pressure

Lab Exam 8,9 & 10 (3 decks)

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