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Lab Exam 8,9 & 10 > Lab 8 > Flashcards

Lab 8 Flashcards

1
Q

The technique used for measuring the Electrical Activity of the Heart, is called what?

A

Electrocardiography or Electrocardiogram

(ECG)

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2
Q

What are contractile cells of the heart and their function?

A

Contractile cells:
are striated

They have actin and myosin proteins

their job is to contract the heart

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3
Q

What are conducting cells of the heart and their function?

A

Conducting cells:

Fluid filled

Spread electrical signal

Wiring system of the heart

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4
Q

Sinoatrial node is located where and does what?

A

Located: right atrium

Action potential generated

the pacemaker of the heart

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5
Q

Generating an action potential all on its own is called what?

A

Autorhythmicity

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6
Q

Where does the electrical signal slow in the electrical conduction pathway?

A

At the AV node (waits for Atria to complete contraction)

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7
Q

What is the first step of the electrical conduction pathway that is completely in the ventricles?

A

Bundle of his

(Aka AV bundle)

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8
Q

What is the end result of the electrical conduction pathway?

A

A contraction

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9
Q

What allows electrical signals to spread from cell to cell in the heart?

A

Gap junctions

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10
Q

These create direct connection from one adjacent cell to another?

A

Connexin

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11
Q

How are action potential spread through cells of the heart?

A

Through Gap junctions

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12
Q

What is an electrocardiography

A

Allows us to view conduction of electrical signals through the heart

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13
Q

In an ECG deflections above or below the baseline are called:

A

Waves

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14
Q

Atrial depolarization is represented by what in the ECG

(First point at which the P-wave deflects upward)

A

P wave

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15
Q

This indicates the signal is not moving very quickly (delay in the AV node) in an ECG reading

A

P-R segment

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16
Q

Movement of the depolarization wave through the large mass of ventricles.
is represented by this in a nice EGG

A

QRS complex

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17
Q

The ventricles repolarizing is represented by this in an ECG

A

T wave

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18
Q

Ventricle contraction is represented by what in an ECG (Joi is this right?) 😂

A

S-T segment

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19
Q

Sections of baselines between waves is defined as ______

A

Segments

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20
Q

This part of an ECG includes some waves and segments

A

Intervals

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21
Q

Decreased blood flow to regions of the heart is known as what?

And would be found in what segment of the ECG?

A

Coronary ischemia

S-T segment

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22
Q

Damage or death to heart tissue (AKA heart attack) is called a ____ _____

What segment of an ECG

A

Myocardial infarction

S-T segment

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23
Q

This abnormality of the heart can indicate ION channel defects

(low calcium or potassium levels May indicate risk of sudden death and can be drug-related)

A

Elongation

Q-T interval

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24
Q

Normal heart rhythm that originates at the sinoatrial node is called _____ and sets the heart rate

A

Sinus rhythm

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25
Q

The average heart rate at rest is

A

60-100 BPM

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26
Q

An abnormally fast heart rate is called

A

Tachycardia

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27
Q

An abnormally slow heart rate is called

A

Bradycardia

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28
Q

This heart irregularity originates at the sinoatrial node but the length of one cardiac cycle to the next can vary

A

Sinus arrhythmia

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29
Q

This heart irregularity has an absence of sinus rhythm. Other cells of the heart generate an action potential

A

Ventricular tachycardia

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30
Q

When the electrical signal originates somewhere other than the sinoatrial node THE CELLS that generate that signal are called?

A

Ectopic pacemaker

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31
Q

This is a fairly common condition that patients report feeling a jump or palpitation in their heart

A

Premature ventricular contraction

(PVC)

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32
Q

In this condition of the heart there is no rhythm all cells depolarize at their own rate

(Requires a defibrillator)

A

Ventricular fibrillation

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33
Q

This machine delivers a jolt of electricity to the heart. Allows the cells of the sinoatrial node to take over as pacemaker and reset the

A

Defibrillator

34
Q

Heart beats on its own because the cells of the heart are:

A

Autorhythmic

35
Q

When someone is at rest what branch of the autonomic nervous system is being used?

A

Parasympathetic

36
Q

What neurotransmitter is used in the parasympathetic system (rest)

A

Acetylcholine

37
Q

What specific receptors on the cells of the sinoatrial node bind acetylcholine

A

Muscarinic

38
Q

What is the name of the general type of receptor used in the parasympathetic system?

A

G protein-coupled receptor

39
Q

What effect does parasympathetic have on the heart (excitatory or inhibitory)

A

Inhibitory

40
Q

Parasympathetic effects on heart rate and blood pressure

(increase or decrease)

A

HR: decrease

BP: decrease

41
Q

During exercise what branch of the autonomic nervous system is used

A

Sympathetic

42
Q

The sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system uses what neurotransmitter

A

Norepinephrine

43
Q

For the sympathetic branch what is the specific receptor on the Cell of the sinoatrial node

A

B1 adrenergic

44
Q

For the sympathetic system what is the general receptor type

A

G protein-coupled receptor

45
Q

The sympathetic nervous system effector is _____ (excitatory or inhibitory)

A

Excitatory

46
Q

What effects on heart rate and blood pressure does the sympathetic nervous system have

(Increase or decrease)

A

HR: increase

BP: increase

47
Q

What is the hearts physiological pacemaker

A

Sinoatrial node

48
Q

How do you set up an ECG on a

A

Einthovens triangle

49
Q

Einthovens triangle means you place the readers where? (3 total)

A

Left wrist

Right wrist

left ankle

50
Q

What are the waves on an ECG

A

Deflections above or below the baseline

51
Q

What is a segment on an ECG

A

The flat area between two waves

52
Q

What is an interval on an ECG

A

A straight line and one or more waves

53
Q

What is a complex in an ECG

A

More than one wave appearing in succession of one another

(Ex QRS complex)

54
Q

What happens to heart rate as R-R intervals decrease

A

Heart rate increases

55
Q

Which waveform changes the most when heart rate increases

A

T-P segment

56
Q

What happens at p wave

A

Depolarization of Atria fibers at the sinoatrial node

57
Q

What happens at the P-R interval

A

The time from beginning depolarization of atrial fibers to beginning of depolarization of the ventricles

58
Q

What is p-q segment

A

Cardiac impulse passes through AV node

59
Q

What is QRS complex

A

Depolarization of ventricular fibers

60
Q

What is ST segment

A

Time for ventricles to contract

61
Q

How do you calculate heart rate

A

Measure from r to r interval

Divide 60 by r r interval to get beats per minute

62
Q

What is caused by the movement of Ions?

A

Electrical Activity

63
Q

______ generate action potentials?

A

Myocardial Cells

64
Q

_______ myocardial cells are specialized fluid-filled cells that are able to spread an electrical signal rapidly?

A

Conducting Cells

65
Q

These cells make up 1% of the myocardial cells and serve as the wiring system for the heart?

A

Conducting Cells

66
Q

_________ Cells in the Right Atrium serve as a main pacemaker in the heart?

A

Autorhythmic

67
Q

_____ rhythm sets the Heart Rate?

A

Sinus

68
Q

Endurance Athletes have ( higher or Lower) resting heart rate? What would the range of BPM be_____?

A

Lower
40-60BPM

69
Q

The name that represents the number of Cardiac Cycles per minute?

A

Heart Rate

70
Q

What is it called when the signal originated somewhere in the ventricles and the SA Node is not able to regain its role as a pacemaker?

A

Ventricular Tachycardia

71
Q

Located where in the Heart, does the Autonomic Nervous System and the Cardiovascular System Function at?

A

Sinoatrial Node

72
Q

The SA Node cells depolarize and generate action potentials all on their own without any _______ influence?

A

External

73
Q

Ions can move freely from one cell to the next, why?

A

Gap Junctions

74
Q

When cations like Calcium and Sodium enter one myocardial cell to the next what is happening?

A

It is depolarizing

75
Q

When Ca+ and Na+ enter one myocardial cell and starts to depolarize it, what does this stimuli do?

A

Stimulates Voltage Gated Channels

to Open

76
Q

When Blood is squeezed out of the Atria into the Ventricles;

& then blood squeezes out of the Ventricles into what Circuit?

  1. Right Ventricle Goes Where?
  2. Left Ventricle Goes where?
A
  1. Right Ventrilce = Pulmonary Circuit
  2. Left Ventrilce = Systemic Circuit
77
Q

What kind of ECG Reading is this?

A

Sinus Arrhythmia

78
Q

The valve between the left atrium and ventricle is called what?

A

Bicupsid Valve

79
Q

The valve between the right atrium and ventricle is called what?

A

Tricupsid Valve

80
Q

The valves between the ventricles and blood vessels are

called _______ valves?

A

Semilunar

81
Q

The graphical representation of the electrical activity in the heart is called?

A

Electrocardiogram

Lab Exam 8,9 & 10 (3 decks)

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