Lab 9 Flashcards
Angular Process
Process at the bottom and back of the lower jaw. Masseters run from the angular process to the zygomatic arch.
Appendicular Skeleton
The pectoral and pelvic girdles + the limbs.
Axial Skeleton
The skull, vertebral column and ribs.
Binocular Vision
Found in animals with forward-facing orbits; both eyes are used together. Creates better depth perception and better resolution of detail than monocular vision.
Bronchi
Paired tubes that lead from the trachea to the lungs.
Caecum
First part of the large intestine. It is large in herbivores but relatively reduced in carnivores.
Canines
Teeth beside the incisors that are used for piercing or holding food. Are usually large in carnivores, and may be used as weapons or for sexual display.
Carnassial Teeth
In carnivores, specialized molars and premolars that slice flesh.
Cephalochordata
One of the 3 subphyla of Chordata. Small marine filter-feeders that superficially resemble fish.
Chordata
A clade of animals that all have, at some point in their life cycle, a notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and a post-anal tail.
Condyle
A site where two bones articulate with each other.
Coronoid Process
The upper part of the ramus of the lower jaw (mandible); the anterior attachment of the temporal muscles.
Craniata
One of the 3 subphyla of Chordata. The largest group; contains the vertebrates and the hagfish.
Cranium
The upper part of the skull that houses the brain, and the upper jaw. The skull consists of the cranium and the mandible (lower jaw)
Diaphragm
A domed muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. An important part of the respiratory system in mammals.
Diastema
A gap between the incisors and the premolars. Accommodates the large tongue present in most herbivores.
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
Formed from ectoderm, it is part of the nervous system and lies dorsal to the notochord in chordates.
Duodenum
The first part of the small intestine.
Esophagus
The tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach.
Foramen Magnum
The large hole in the bottom of the skull that allows the spinal cord to connect to the brain stem.
Furcula
Fused collarbones in a bird (the “wishbone”). The furcula acts as a spring to store and release energy generated by the wings during flight.
Gizzard
An organ in the digestive system of a bird and some other reptiles that lack teeth. Small stones in the gizzard help to grind food.
Heterodont
Teeth that are differentiated to perform different functions (nipping, slicing, chewing, etc.) The condition in mammals.
Homodont
Teeth that are undifferentiated (i.e., more or less the same shape and size). The ancestral condition for teeth.
Incisors
Chisel-shaped front teeth used in nipping food.
Intercostal
Between the ribs.
Inter-vertebral Disc
Cushioning structures between the vertebrae.
Mandibular Condyle
Joins the lower jaw to the skull.
Masseters
Cheek muscles that run from the zygomatic arch to the angular process. These are important in grinding food. Comparatively larger in herbivores than
in carnivores.
Mesentery
A double layer of the peritoneum that connects organs to each other and to the abdominal wall
Molars
Teeth at the back of the jaw that are large and are modified for grinding food.
Monocular Vision
Found in animals with lateral-facing orbits. Allows for a wide field of view, but poor depth perception and resolution of detail.
Myomere
Muscle segments separated by connective tissue.
Neural Folds
Ridges of neural plate tissue that will eventually become the neural tube.
Neural Plate
A layer of thickened cells that is the first step in forming the spinal column.
Neural Tube
Formed by the ridges of the neural folds coming together and fusing, the neural tube will eventually become the spinal cord and brain.
Notochord
A flexible rod-shaped structure derived from mesoderm that runs along the main body axis in Chordata. One of the four chordate characters.
Occipital Condyles
The two joints that connect the underside of the skull to the vertebral column.
Orbits
Eye sockets.
Ossicles
Middle ear bones. There are 3 in mammals and 1 in birds. They are derived from bones present in the lower jaw of reptiles.
Pancreas
An organ that secretes digestive juices and hormones.
Pectoral Girdle
A structure composed of the shoulder blades (scapulae) and the collarbones (clavicles). In some mammals, it is composed solely of the scapulae (there are no clavicles).
Pelvic Girdle
A structure composed of the hip bones, the sacrum and coccyx (the sacrum and coccyx are the most posterior bones in the vertebral column).
Peritoneum
A membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity.
Pharyngeal
Relating to the pharynx.
Pharynx
Chamber at the anterior end of the digestive system of vertebrates.
Post-anal Tail
Extension of the body posterior to the end of the digestive tract.
Premolars
Teeth located between the molars and the canines.
Process
On a bone, a site of muscle attachment.
Quadrate
A bone that forms part of the joint attaching the lower jaw to the skull in most vertebrates, except for mammals. (e.g. in birds)
Secondary Palate
A bony structure that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity in vertebrates.
Somites
Blocks of mesoderm that form along the neural tube during embryonic development.
Spleen
An abdominal organ important in the immune system and processing of blood cells.
Sternum
A flat bone at the front of the thorax that attaches to the ribs.
Sutures
Fibrous joints between the bones of the skull.
Temporal Muscles
Muscles that run from the coronoid process to the back of the skull. Provide crushing strength in chewing and biting. Comparatively much bigger and stronger in carnivores than in herbivores.
Thorax
In vertebrates, the section of the body between the neck and the abdomen. Enclosed by the ribcage.
Trachea
Windpipe. Ridged tube connecting the larynx to the bronchi.
Turbinate Bones
Honeycombed bones in the nasal passages of most vertebrates. Provide a large, moist surface area for warming and moistening air before it passes into the lower parts of the respiratory system.
Urochordata
Turnicates
One of the three sub-phyla within the phylum Chordata. All are sessile as adults, and show the Chordate features only in the larval stages.
Vertebrae
Serially homologous bones in the spinal column of a vertebrate.
Zygomatic Arch
Cheekbone.
