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BIOL 252L > Lab 8 > Flashcards

Lab 8 Flashcards

1
Q

The oral cavity

A

from the lips to the soft palate’s posterior limit, from the tongue to the hard palate, and from cheek to cheek

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2
Q

salivary gland function

A

saliva production

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3
Q

3 salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands

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4
Q

upper passage of food/drink

A

oral cavity -> oropharynx -> layyngopharynx -> epiglottis closed -> esophagus -> stomach

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5
Q

number of teeth in adult

A 
32
16 upper (maxillary) and 16 lower (mandibular)
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6
Q

quadrants of teeth (medial to lateral)

A

2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars

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7
Q

deciduous teeth

A

baby teeth

all but the 3 sets of molars

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8
Q

abdominopelvic cavity quadrants

A

right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower

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9
Q

organs of the right upper quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity

A

liver, gall bladder, ascending colon, right kidney

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10
Q

organs of the right lower quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity

A

cecum, appendix

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11
Q

organs of the left upper quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity

A

spleen, body of stomach, descending colon, left kidney, pancreas

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12
Q

organs of the left lower quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity

A

sigmoid colon

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13
Q

The peritoneal cavity (perironeum)

A

membrane-bound space within the abdominopelvic cavity

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14
Q

divisions of the peritoneal membrane

A

visceral, parietal, mesentery

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15
Q

The visceral peritoneum

A

covers many digestive organs as they pass through the abdomen

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16
Q

The parietal peritoneum

A

forms the outer wall of the peritoneal cavity and, in many places, joins the body wall

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17
Q

The mesentery peritoneum

A

forms the connection between the parietal and visceral layers, allows passage of vessels and nerves between the layers of peritoneum

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18
Q

Greater omentum

A

extension of mesentery, layer of visceral fat that hangs from the stomach and covers the intestines

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19
Q

intraperitoneal organs definition

A

surrounded by the visceral peritoneum and the peritoneal cavity

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20
Q

intraperitoneal organs include

A

stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder

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21
Q

retroperitoneal organs definition

A

outside of or behind the peritoneum

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22
Q

retroperitoneal organs include

A

kidneys, ureters, parts of the large intestine, pelvic organs (uterus, urinary bladder)

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23
Q

chyme

A

food/drink mixed with gastric secretions in the stomach

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24
Q

rugae

A

folds of the gastric walls in the stomach, flatten out when the stomach is full

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25
Q

passage of food through the stomach

A

cardiac sphyincter -> cardia -> fundus -> body -> pylorus -> pyloric sphyincter -> duodenum

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26
Q

production site of bile

A

liver

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27
Q

passage of bile storage

A

liver -> hepatic duct -> cystic duct -> gallbladder

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28
Q

passage of bile usage

A

gallbladder -> cystic duct -> common bile duct -> duodenum

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29
Q

lobes of the liver

A

right, left, caudate, quadrate

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30
Q

portal triad definition

A

the vessels that enter/exit the liver

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31
Q

portal triad includes

A

hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and common bile duct

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32
Q

functions of the liver

A
  1. absoprtion: glucose, amino acids, iron, vitamins for storage or use of metabolism
  2. elimination: removal of toxins, bilirubin, drugs, from blood
  3. nutrient release: glucose, protein, lipids released on demand to meet the body’s needs
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33
Q

bile function

A

lipid digestion

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34
Q

pancreas function

A
  1. produce the hormones insulin and glucagon necessary for stabilizing blood glucose levels
  2. produce digestive enzymes (bicarbonate ions)
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35
Q

cells of the pancreas responsible for insulin and glucagon

A

pancreatic islets

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36
Q

passage of bicarbonate ions

A

pancreas -> pancreatic duct -> common bile duct -> duodenum

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37
Q

region of the abdomen that the pancreas is found

A

epigastric region

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38
Q

region of the abdomen that the spleen is found

A

left hypochondriac region

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39
Q

spleen function

A

immune function

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40
Q

passage through the small intenstine

A

duodenum -> jejunum -> ileum

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41
Q

duodenum function

A

Using bile and pancreatic enzymes, neutralizes chyme, digests macromolecules, begins nutrient absorption

42
Q

jejunum function

A

Main site of absorption for nutrients

43
Q

jejunum quadrant

A

left upper quadrant

44
Q

ileum quadrant

A

right lower quadrant

45
Q

ileocecal junction

A

connection between the small and large intestine

46
Q

passage of the large intestine

A

cecum -> ascending colon -> transverse colon -> descending colon -> sigmoid colon -> rectum -> anus

47
Q

organs of the urinary system

A

the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

48
Q

kidney function

A

filter large amounts of blood from the renal arteries and produce urine as waste

49
Q

ureter function

A

transmit urine to the urinary bladder

50
Q

urethra function

A

secretion of urine from the urinary bladder

51
Q

pathway of urine

A

kidneys -> ureter -> urinary bladder -> urethra

52
Q

The kidneys are outside of the _____cavity, but inside the _____ cavity.

A

peritoneal, abdominal

53
Q

perirenal fat

A

layer of adipose tissue that protects the kidneys

54
Q

renal capsule

A

outer covering of connective tissue around kidneys

55
Q

outer portion of kidney

A

renal cortex

56
Q

inner region of kidney

A

renal medulla

57
Q

segments of the renal medulla

A

renal pyramids

58
Q

extensions of the cortex that seperates the renal pyramids

A

renal columns

59
Q

functional unit of kidney

A

nephron

60
Q

passage of urine through kidney

A

renal pyramids -> minor calyces (one per pyramid) -> major calyces -> renal pelvis -> ureter

61
Q

detrusor muscle

A

The smooth muscle of the urinary bladder

contracts as the bladder expands

62
Q

internal urethral sphincter

A

relaxes as the urinary bladder contracts (involuntary)

63
Q

external urethral sphincter

A

a voluntary skeletal muscle ring around the urethra that can contract to prevent urination

64
Q

urethra male vs female

A

short in females

extends through the prostate in males

65
Q

3 divisons of urethra in males

A

Prostatic urethra, Membranous urethra, Penile urethra

66
Q

Prostatic urethra

A

carries urine from the bladder and passes through the prostate gland

67
Q

Membranous urethra

A

passes through the external urethral sphincter

68
Q

Membranous urethra

A

passes through the external urethral sphincter

69
Q

Penile urethra

A

passes through the penis to carry urine to the exterior

70
Q

pelvic cavity

A

parts of the urinary system and the reproductive system

71
Q

pelvic inlet

A

seperation between abdominal and pelvic cavities

72
Q

cavities of the internal reproductive structures

A

within the pelvic cavity and outside of the peritoneal cavity

73
Q

testes

A

the organs of the male reproductive system responsible for sperm testosterone production

74
Q

scrotum

A

scrotal cavity with testes, spermatic cord, skeletal muscle, blood vessels

75
Q

spermatic cord

A

conduit between the scrotum and abdominopelvic cavity

76
Q

cremaster

A

muscle in the scrotum that elevates and lowers the testes

contracts when its too cold for optimal temperature

77
Q

testicular artery

A

brings blood from the aorta to the testes

78
Q

pampiniform plexus

A

group of veins around the testicular artery (from skin) to cool the artery blood temperature

79
Q

testicular vein

A

formed by the pampiniform plexus for each testical

80
Q

site of sperm production

A

within the walls of the seminiferous tubules (spagetti)

81
Q

passage of sperm

A

seminiferous tubules -> rete testis -> efferent ductules -> epididymis -> vas/ ductus deferens -> ejaculatory duct (sprematic cord) -> prostatic urethra-> membranous urethra -> penile urethra

82
Q

seminal vesicles’ fluid

A

provides energy to the sperm cells in the form of fructose and contains buffers to neutralize the vagina’s acidic environment

83
Q

prostate

A

a gland that makes prostatic fluid

contains prostatic urethra and 2 ejaculatory ducts that join it

84
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

short duct that connects to the membranous urethra

release a small volume of buffering mucus that neutralizes any urinary acids present within the urethra prior to ejaculation

85
Q

The penis

A

mainly of erectile tissue

86
Q

chambers of erectile tissue

A

2 corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum

87
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

surrounds the urethra as it emerges from the floor of the pelvis

88
Q

glans

A

at the end of the penis where the corpus spongiosum is enlarged

89
Q

The penis is made of erectile tissues that expand with blood during erection, which is accomplished through the dilation of _____ and the constriction of _____.

A

arteries, veins

90
Q

passage of oocyte

A

Ovary -> fimbriae -> infundibulum -> ampulla -> isthmus -> uterine cavity -> cervix -> vagina

ovaries -> uterine tubes -> uterus

91
Q

places of fertilization

A

infundibulum, ampulla

92
Q

production site of oocytes

A

the ovaries

93
Q

regions of the uterus

A

the upper fundus, middle body, and lower cervix

94
Q

layers of the uterus

A

Endometrium, Myometrium, Perimetrium

95
Q

Endometrium of uterus

A

the innermost layer. A portion of this layer is shed with each menstrual cycle

96
Q

Myometrium uterus

A

the middle and most substantial layer. It is made of smooth muscle that contracts during labor to push the fetus through the cervical canal

97
Q

Perimetrium

A

the outermost layer. Made of the parietal peritoneum, this outer layer is found where the uterus bulges into the peritoneal cavity

98
Q

vulva

A

The external female genitalia

99
Q

labia majora

A

skin-covered vulva portion

100
Q

labia minora

A

internal to the labia majora are the mucosa-covered

101
Q

clitoris

A

a small erectile organ derived from an embryological structure that forms the penis in males

has glans

BIOL 252L (5 decks)

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