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BIOL 1412 Lab > Lab 7 > Flashcards

Lab 7 Flashcards

digestion & urinalysis

1
Q

What are the five main functions of the digestive system? (list)

A
  1. ingestion 2. mechanical digestion 3. chemical digestion 4. absorption 5. secretion
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2
Q

What is ingestion?

A

taking in food through the mouth

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3
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

chewing and smooth mm contractions of digestive organs (especially the stomach and small intestines) that help to break up food into smaller pieces that increases the surface area for chemical digestion.

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4
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

the use of digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid to chemically break down nutrient macromolecules (carbs, prots, lipids) into smaller mols that can be absorbed across the epithelial lining of the small intestine.

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5
Q

What is absorption?

A

when nutrients, water and electrolytes are transported from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymphatic circulation.

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6
Q

What is secretion?

A

elimination of indigestible substance and other waste products related to digestion.

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7
Q

What is an enzyme and what are they affected by?

A

a protein that acts to increase the rate of specific chemical rxns in living organisms withou being consumed or altered in the process. each enzyme has an optimal temperature and pH range in which it works. if these change it cna denature/destroy the enzyme by changing its shape and result in a loss of enzymatic fxn.

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8
Q

What are 55% of carbs ingested as?

A

polysaccharides in the form of plant starch.

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9
Q

What is starch catalyzed by? What is the product?

A

salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase. product is maltose a disaccharides consisting of two mols of glucose (monosacc).

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10
Q

What is the path of chemical digestion of carbs?

A

polysaccharide into mouth where salivary amylase is secreted by salivary glands which are triggered by food in the oral cavity which stimulates the taste buds. then carb digestion continues in the duodenum where pancreatic amylase is secreted for polysaccs along with disaccharidases maltase sucrase and lactase secreted from the intestinal wall. so polysacc –amylase–> disacc and oligosacc –disaccharidases–> monosaccs.

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11
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

complex carbohydrates that consist of ling chains of monosaccs.

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12
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

simple sugars that consist of two monosaccs (lactose, maltose, sucrose)

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13
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

A

chains of 3-8 monosaccs

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14
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

single sugar molecules (glucose, fructose, galactose)

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15
Q

What does IKI solution test for?

A

tests for presence of starch (so if starch has digested or not)

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16
Q

What is a positive IKI test?

A

colour is blue-black and means that starch is present.

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17
Q

What is a negative IKI test?

A

colour is yellow and starch is not present (been digested)

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18
Q

What does Benedict’s solution for?

A

tests for presence of simple sugars so both glucose (mono) and maltose (di) (so if polysaccharides have been digested or not)

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19
Q

What is a positive Benedict’s test?

A

colour is orange and means that sugars are present. (theres been digestion of poly)

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20
Q

What is a negative Benedict’s test?

A

colour is clear blue and means that sugar is not present. (no digestion)

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21
Q

What effect did HCl have on amylase?

A

denatured it so it didnt do its fxn ie digest starch. so starch was not digested.

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22
Q

What effect did boiling the enzyme have on the action of amylaze?

A

extreme temp denatured it so didnt do fxn ie no starch digestion.

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23
Q

What are the optimal conditions for amylase to function?

A

at 37C/ normal body temp.

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24
Q

What are 95% of fats ingested as?

A

triglycerides, found in dairy, meats, nuts, seeds, and oils.

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25
What is the pathway of lipid digestion?
begins in mouth by lingual lipase in response to fatty foods in oral cavity detected by taste buds. pancreatic lipase is secreted into the duodenum where fat digestion continues. Bile produced in the liver is also secreted into the duodenum.
26
What do bile salts do?
help to speed up fat digestion by physically breaking/emulsifying large fat molecules and breaking them down into smaller ones which increases the surface area over which lipase can act. THEY DO NOT DO DIGESTION THEY JUST EMULSIFY triglycerides --lipase and bile salts--> monoglycerides and FAs
27
What are triglycerides?
glycerol with three FAs attached.
28
What are monoglycerides?
glycerol with one FA attached.
29
What are fatty acids?
organic acid component if fats that consists of a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group on one end.
30
What is litmus cream?
dairy cream that acts as a pH indicator. so when solution is alkaline (high) pH, the colour is blue. when the solution is acidic (low) pH., the colour is pink.
31
What is a positive test for lipid digestion?
litmus turns pink (bc triglycerides digested into FAs and becomes more acidic).
32
What is a negative test for lipid digestion?
litmus stays blue (bc no more acid added to solution bc theres no digestion).
33
Can lipid digestion occur in the absence of bile salts?
yes but just going to be slower.
34
What does a urinalysis do?
evaluates physical, chemical, and microscopic components of urine. provides insight into health and fxn of the kidneys urinary system and other body systems.
35
What is a physical urinalysis examination?
colour, odour, clarity.
36
What is a chemical analysis in urinalysis?
tests for substances like glucose, proteins, blood, pH, ketones, bilirubin.
37
What is the microscopic urinalysis examination?
identifies cellular components like red and white bl cells, crystals, bacteria.
38
What is normal urine composed of?
1. water 2. nitrogenous wastes a) urea - a byproduct of protein metabolism b) creatinine - a byproduct of mm metabolism c) uric acid - from the breakdown of nucleic acids d) ammonia. 3. electrolytes 4. other substances like vitamins or hormones.
39
If a person has inflamed kidneys what would be wrong with their piss?
abnormal colour (dark) and pos for albumin and pos for blood (abnormal)
40
If a person as diabetes mellitus what would be wrong with their piss?
pos for glucose (abnormal)
41
If a person has mercury poisoning what would be wrong with their piss?
pos for albumin and cloudy/foggy (abnormal)
42
If a person has antacids what would be wrong with their piss?
pH too high 9.0 (abnormal)
43
How does the production of urine contribute to maintaining homeostasis?
filtering wastes from the blood and excreting from the body through urine.
44
In which test tube would you expect to see a neg IKI test? a. starch and water b. starch and amylase @ 37C. c. starch and amylase and HCl d. starch and boiled amylase e. starch and amylase @ 0C.
b. starch and amylase @ 37C
45
In which test tube would you expect to see a positive Benedict's test? a. starch and water b. starch and amylase @ 37C. c. starch and amylase and HCl d. starch and boiled amylase e. starch and amylase @ 0C.
b. starch and amylase @ 37C
46
Bile salts are responsible for the digestion of lipids?
false.
47
A urinalysis is performed on a pt experiencing excessive vomiting. Which of the following results would be expected? a. blood in the urine b. glucose in the urine c. low urine pH d. high urine pH.
d. high urine pH.
48
11. which of the labelled items is used to assess the relative density of touch receptors? (NB album)
e) 2 point discrimination
49
12. Which of the labelled items is used ot test the fxn of cranial nerve Vlll? (NB album)
c) vestibulocochlear
50
13. what sensory matter is this chart used to asses? (NB album)
b) visual acuity
51
14. true or false: a person with 20/200 vision can see an object at 200 feet away better than a person who has 20/15 vision. (NB album)
false. 20/200 is bad means you can see smthn 200 feet away that other can see from 20.
52
15. based on the information provided, calc the heart rate shown in the graph. (NB album)
c) 30/15 = 2 x 60 = 120 beats/min
53
16. true or false: label X represents the repol of the ventricles.
true
54
17. true or false: label Y represents the point in the cardiac cycle when the atrioventricular valves close and the second heart sound occurs.
false
55
18. what is the pulse pressure for these readings?
b)
56
19. what is the MAP for these readings?
c)
57
20. calculate the vital capacity for this individual.
b) measure top to bottom and x by chart vol on side
58
21. based on this graph how would you describe the subject's lung fxn?
d) normal
59
22. calculate the O2 consumption pre min indicated by this graph.
b) 3.6 L/min
60
23. what respiratory volume or capacity is indicated by label X?
d) inspiratory reserve volume
61
24. which of the urine samples shows a pos test for protein?
a) sample from subject X
62
25. which condition could explain the urinaralysis results of subject Y?
e)excessive ingestion of antacids (pH is too high)

BIOL 1412 Lab (7 decks)

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